Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research

Abstract Jujube fruits have a short shelf life due to its perishable nature. Preservation of jujube quality is a big challenge. Edible coatings have been used for centuries in the food industry as an effective method to preserve food products, enhance shelf life and prevent loss of firmness and moisture in fresh fruits. However, little information is available on the overall quality attributes of Chinese jujube fruits influenced by edible coatings. Hence, the influence of different edible coatings including aloe vera gel (AV) (33 and 50% v/v), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and pectin (1, 1.5 and 2% w/v) was studied on fresh jujube quality during 40 days of refrigerated storage at 4 °C. The results showed that weight loss was approximately reduced by 30% in coated jujubes with Aloe vera 33% v/v or 1.5% w/v pectin after 40 days compared to uncoated control. Uncoated fruits presented a higher and significant decay after 40 days of storage than other coating treatments. Results also indicated that the coatings with 50% v/v Aloe vera, 1 and 2% w/v CMC caused a higher and significant TA in jujube fruits, and preserved sensory acceptability as well as improved appearance quality of fruits compared to uncoated fruit. In general, coated fruit with Aloe vera at both concentrations and CMC at 1 and 1.5% after 40 days of refrigerated storage maintained the quality of jujube fruits better than control.

Abstract Purpose: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of two systems of cultivation on the banana crop (Musa spp.) in the postharvest quality, bioactive compounds and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase during ripening process. Research method: Changes in physicochemical parameters, non-antioxidant, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and oxidative markers were evaluated in banana cv. Prata-Anã from organic and conventional systems at three ripening stages: unripe, breaker and ripe. Main findings: The weight of conventional fruit was 48% greater at the ripe stage. The fruit size was reduced in fruits from organic farming while titratable acidity and the soluble solids content were respectively 82% and 58% higher at breaker stage in conventional bananas. The organic bananas have an increase of 58% in the phenolics at the unripe stage. The PAL activity was observed throughout banana development from organic farming, however the same was not observed for the conventional farming. Dismutase superoxide activity was also dramatically higher in matures and ripe fruits from organic farming. The lipid peroxidation degree of the cell membrane was 40% higher in ripe bananas for both systems. Research limitations: No limitations were founded, since the methods were well established. Originality/Value: Our observations suggest that banana fruits presented little changes in the function of farming conditions with an accumulation of specific compounds in determined stages of ripening without remarkable difference among systems of cultivation.
 

Abstract Purpose: This study was conducted to identify and quantify the main causes and sources of losses in the tomato postharvest chain from harvest to retail market and identify appropriate interventions for reducing these losses in Nigeria, Rwanda and India. Research method:  Modified Commodity Systems Assessment Methodology on tomato was conducted in the study area during the July - August 2017 harvest season. Findings: Generally, production is increasing with high postharvest losses. Tomato postharvest losses were uniformly high on the farm during harvest but generally lower during marketing in India than in Rwanda or Nigeria. Nigeria loses 10-40% of tomato produced from the farm to the retail market due to poor handling and unavailability of storage facilities. In Rwanda, tomato losses were exceedingly high, reaching 50 to 60%. These losses begin with the use of poor quality seeds to rough handling and use of inappropriate packaging materials. Losses in India varied between 1-18% mainly due to pest and disease attack and low price realization during glut season. However, in India, improved practices have been widely adopted on farm to retail market. Limitations:  Resources were limited, so a single two week time period were randomly selected to conduct each of the studies which  focused on one state, district or region, so data cannot be used to describe losses for the entire country. Originality/Value: These studies identified priority tomato postharvest problems, key issues that currently limit market access, earnings for small farmers and rural marketer, training and advocacy issues for the three countries.

Abstract Purpose: In Tunisia, pear cultivars are widely threatened by the attack of fire blight disease. Cultivation of tolerant cultivars is an effective control strategy for disease control. For this purpose, a reliable protocol was established for micropropagation of local Pyrus communis and Pyrus syriaca L. and for large-scale production of high-quality plantlets. Research method: Using apical explants, different media and hormones were tested to establish a micropropagation procedure for local Tunisian Pyrus communis cultivars ‘Arbi’, ʻMaltiʼ, ʻMahdia 6ʼ and ʻMoknine 10ʼ and for Pyrus syriaca. Disinfection with 4% HgCl₂ treatment for 20 minutes showed the highest percentage of plant survival. Successful initiation of the cultures was achieved on MS basal medium supplemented with 0.25 mg L^-1 BA. Findings: During the proliferation stage, optimal shoot multiplication was obtained on MS medium with a half concentration of NH₄NO₃ and KNO₃ supplemented with 0.1 mg L^-1 IBA and 2 mg L^-1 BA, but for maximum shoot length the BA concentration needed to be lowered to 1 mg L^-1. A rooting rate of 100% and the highest root length and root number were attained on Cheng medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L^-1 IBA. Pear vitroplants were successfully acclimatized on S₂ substrate, composed by peat moss. Research limitations: Vitroplants acclimatization step needs to be well studied for the improvement of theacclimatized vitroplant survival rates by reducing the symptoms of crown rot. Originality/Value: This efficient optimized in vitro protocol will be successfully applied for large multiplication of high quality of Tunisian Pyrus vitroplants and cultivars.

Abstract Purpose: herbaceous dicot plants mainly sweet potato is highly affected by UV-B and light quality based on altitude. Therefore, this study will give insights on the effect of UV-B and light quality on photosynthetic efficiency of sweet potato based on Altitude. Research method: The experimental design was laid out in split plot design with factorial arrangement. The treatments consist of +UV-B or control, UV-B exclusion, UV-B+end of day light exclusion, and the two sweet potato cultivars such as Kulfo and Hawassa-83. Main findings: highest UV-B (1693.0mw/m^-2s^-2) was recorded at highland (2230m.a.s.l) and the lowest (1107mw/m^-2s^-2) was recorded at lowland (1400m.a.s.l). The result shows that photosynthetic rate increased by 2.41% in Kulfo compared with Hawassa83 cultivar. Also altitude has a highly significant effect on photosynthetic efficiency; the highest stress level 0.68 and 0.72 was recorded at UV-B + EOD exclusion and highland. This indicate UV-B +EOD exclusion cause light quality and intensity stress at highland also UV-B was inducing high stress at highland area and affecting sweet potato productivity but exclusion increase Fv/Fm and stomata conductance it has no effect on photosynthesis and transpiration rate. Limitations: The research has a limitation due to Altitude difference it’s difficult to control factors other than UV-B and light Quality that may cause a difference. Originality/Value: This research tries to assess UV-B and end of day time light quality effects due to altitude difference and encourages new research on UV-B, its adaptation and light quality on crop productivity.

Abstract Purpose: The experiment was conducted to investigate into the allelopathic potential of the aqueous extracts of different parts of Jatropha curcuson seven selected field crop species. Research method: The leaf, stem, bark, twig, root, pericarp, seed and oilcake extracts of J. curcus at four different concentrations (1:5, 1:10, 1:15 and 1:20 (w/v)) were tested against jute, mungbean, mustard, radish, rice, wheat and tomato. Control i.e. distilled water without extracts was also maintained in each case. The experiments were conducted following completely randomized design with three replications. Findings: Except few, the aqueous extracts of J. curcas plant parts significantly inhibited the seedling growth of all the test species at concentration more than 1:15 (w/v) whereas, at or below this level stimulated the seedling growth. Percent shoot and root growth inhibition of the test crops varied among J. curcus parts extract from 10 to 100, at 1:5 (w/v) concentration. At the same concentration, J. curcas oilcake extract completely (100%) inhibited the shoot and root growth of all the test crop species except rice. Similarly, seed extract completely inhibited (100%) the shoot and root growth of jute and mustard, whereas around or more than 70% inhibition of the shoot and root growth of all the test species except rice. These results confirm that J. curcushas allelopathic properties and may possess allelochemicals. Since oilcake of J. curcus extract had greater inhibitory activity than other parts, this could be used for isolation and identification of allelochemical(s). The results of this experiment will be helpful for the researchers to know the plant-plant interaction of J. curcus with its neighboring plant species or the intercrops introduce in Jatropha field. Limitations: There was no significant limitation to the report. Originality/Value: This research compares the allelopathic properties of different parts of Jatropha curcus on seven selected field crop species.

Abstract Purpose: This investigation focused on the most suitable temperature for fresh- cut pumpkin with harmonization between benefits and drawbacks. Research method: Fresh-cut pumpkin cubes were pre–treated with 30% ethanol and 1% chitosan, then stored for 15 days at different temperatures (5 °C or T5, 10 °C or T10, 15°C or T15 and 25°C or T25). Findings: At refrigeration temperature (below 10 °C), fresh-cut pumpkin could maintain its overall visual quality until the end of storage duration (15 days). The difference in firmness and total carotenoid content between T5 and T10 suggested chilling injury occurrence when pumpkin was stored under 10°C. Besides, other nutritional parameters of these two treatments such as weight loss, total soluble solid content, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity did not significantly differ from each other. Regardless of their nutritional composition, T15 and T25 became disqualified for consumption on day 3 and day 6, respectively due to dramatic shrinkage and microbial development. Limitations: Storage duration should be extended until all treatments reach unacceptable quality.The activity of cell wall degrading enzymes and antioxidant enzymes during storage should be investigated to support this study’s findings. Originality/Value: The preservation of fresh-cut pumpkin can be elevated to 10 °C to avoid chilling damage without altering much of their nutritional value.

Abstract Purpose: In Bangladesh, postharvest damage to various vegetables is common because of a lack of appropriate technologies. Country beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.), one of Bangladesh's main winter vegetables, are cultivated throughout the country, which provides numerous health advantages. A research experiment was performed to measure the impact of chitosan covering on weight loss, shelf-life, and some nutritional characteristics of country beans at postharvest storage. Research Method: The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications and four treatments at room temperature (≈23-25ºC), and the treatments were: T0 (control), T1 (coating with 0.10% solution), T2 (coating with 0.20% solution) and T3 (coating with 0.30% solution). Findings: The use of 0.20% chitosan prevented weight reduction by 1.59% as compared to the control and extended the shelf-life up to 23.3% in country beans at 10 and 12 days after postharvest storage (DAPS), respectively. Chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll contents varied from 0.75-1.59, 1.36-2.86 and 2.11-4.45 mg g^-1 tissue at 5 DAPS and 0.61-1.26, 1.10-2.27 and 1.70-3.53 mg g^-1 tissue at 10 DAPS, respectively. Chitosan treatment T2 significantly enhanced calcium (0.77%) and phosphorus (0.51%) contents in the country beans during postharvest storage at 5 DAPS. Additionally, treatment T3 significantly increased total phenolics (3.06 mg 100g^-1 tissue) in the country beans during postharvest storage at the same DAPS. Research limitations: The study could not measure some traits (i.e., anti-radical activity, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, etc.) due to a lack of laboratory facilities. Originality/Value: This experiment revealed that country beans covered with 0.20% chitosan solutions could be utilized to enhance several nutritional properties, check weight loss, and prolong the shelf-life.

Abstract Purpose: Tunisian garlic is widely threatened by the attack of several viruses genus. For this purpose, a reliable protocol was established for rapid in vitro propagation of local garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars for large-scale production of virus-free plants and high quality bulblets. Research method: Well disinfected shoot-tips of 1 mm were used as explants and cultivated on MS basal solid media enriched with various growth regulators: 6-Benzylaminopurine, α-Naphthaleneacetic acid, Kinetin, Indole-3-butyric acid and 2-isopentenyladenine for assessment of shoot formation, shoot proliferation and bulb formation. Findings: Among the different phytohormone concentrations and combinations, MS basal medium without any growth regulators (M₀) was found optimal for shoot-tip initiation (96% explants development) and plantlets elongation (56.26 mm). For shoot proliferation, the M₁ culture medium containing 1 mg L^-1 BAP and 0.25 mg L^-1 NAA was the best, giving a multiplication rate of 1.7 plantlets/explant. Shoots on M₀ culture medium formed bulblets earlier. Multiple bulblets per explants were obtained on medium M₂₂ containing 2 mg L^-1 Kin and 0.1 mg L^-1 NAA. Separated bulblets were transferred individually on bulbification media. Non-dividable bulblet was developed in various sizes. Research limitations: Bulblet acclimatization step needs to be well studied for high quality cloves production. Originality/value: This efficient optimized in vitro protocol will be successfully applied for large multiplication of virus-free garlic cultivars.

Abstract Purpose: Cabbage is important fresh vegetable crop in most of the countries of the world. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. cv. Atlas-70) as influenced by organic and inorganic fertilizers, and mulching. Research methods: The experiment comprised of two different factors such as, factor-A; four different types of fertilizers viz. F₀ (control, no fertilizer), F₁ (vermicompost), F₂ (inorganic fertilizer), and F₃ (mixed of organic and inorganic fertilizer) and factor-B; types of mulches viz. M₀ (control, no mulch), M₁ (water hyacinth), M₂ (rice straw), M₃ (black polythene). This two factors experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Findings: Significant variation was found among the treatments. Result showed F₃M₃ (combination organic and inorganic fertilizer with black polythene) had the highest growth (plant height, stem length, root length, number of roots etc.) and yield (105.93 t/ha) in cabbage. The yield was 63.92% higher from the combined effect of fertilizer and mulch as black polythene (F₃M₃) compared to control (F₀M₀). So, mineral fertilizer and vermicompost with black polythene had the best performance considering the growth and yield of cabbage. Research limitations: Evaluation of different ratios of organic and inorganic fertilizers with mulching could have better outcome or findings of this work. Originality/Value: Combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers with black polythene as mulch have showed the highest growth and yield outcome of cabbage compared to other treatments combinations.This work has the opportunity to reduce the application of inorganic fertilizer to improve the soil health and environment in long run.

Abstract Purpose: Excessive nitrogen use for crop production leads to environmental damage, so nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) needs to be improved. Stabilized amine nitrogen (SAN) (Lono, Levity Crop Science) has been shown to increase quality and yield of several crops. This work assesses the use of SAN for tomato production. Research method: SAN was applied to experimentally and commercially grown tomato plants and compared to several industry standard forms of nitrogen. Plant growth characters and yield were recorded. Findings: SAN was compared to an industry standard (IS) nitrogen fertilizer, and it significantly increased the harvested yield due to significant increases in fruit on trusses M3, M4 and lateral shoots. SAN was compared to several conventional IS fertilizers resulting in significantly increased chlorophyll levels, fruit-bearing trusses and an increased yield, but there was a shorter growth habit suggesting more energy was put towards fruit production and less to vegetative growth. Finally, SAN was applied to commercial processing tomato (variety HZ1662) production where there was a significant increase in the perfect red fruit when compared to the standard nitrogen application regime. Research limitations: Further work could be done with other commercial tomato crops. Originality/Value: Results from glasshouse experiments and commercial production show that SAN increases the yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) when compared to IS nitrogen applications.

Abstract Purpose: An experiment was conducted to determine a suitable thickness of polypropylene bag as a package and appropriate storage temperature that will enhance an extended shelf life and quality of oyster mushroom. Research method: The experiment consisted of eight treatments under two factors (temperature and thickness of polypropylene bag). Treatments: T₁p ₀= ambient temperature without wrapping (Control), T₁p ₁= ambient temperature & 50 µ PP bag, T₁p ₂= ambient temperature & 75 µ PP bag, T₁p ₃= ambient temperature & 100 µ PP bag, T₂p ₀= 3°C temperature without wrapping, T₂p ₁= 3°C temperature & 50 µ PP bag, T₂p ₂= 3°C temperature & 75 µ PP bag, T₂p ₃= 3°C temperature & 100 µ PP bag. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Findings: Highest moisture contents (90.80%) and shelf life (15 days) were observed in low temperature and wrapped in 75µ polypropylene bag (T₂p ₂). Highest dry matter content (82.92%) and highest weight loss (30.3%) were observed in ambient temperature and unwrapped condition (T₁p ₀) whereas lowest moisture contents (9.20%), lowest dry matter content (17.08%), lowest protein content(7.79%), and lowest shelf life (1.66) were observed in ambient temperature and unwrapped condition (T₁p ₀).Limitations: No limitations to report.Originality/Value: Combination of PP bags of proper thickness and low temperature can help in decreasing moisture loss and disease incidence which increase shelf life and maintain nutritional quality of oyster mushroom.

Abstract Purpose: Our objective was to undertake the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Grapefruit (Citrus paradise) peel extract and evaluate the effects of silver nanoparticles on Botrytis cinerea. Research method: The silver nanoparticles formation was evaluated at different temperatures and concentrations of AgNO_3. The experiment was conducted during 2015 at Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Main findings: Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by Grapefruit's peel through a simple green and eco-friendly route. Aqueous extract of Grapefruit's peel was used synthesize nanosilver. The size of nanoparticle was determined at 5-65 nm, with SPR absorption at 420 nm in UV-Vis spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) revealed that the synthesized nanoparticle was face centered. The silver nanoparticles characterized for their size and shape using scanning electron microscopy and TEM, respectively. XRD was used to determine the concentration of metal ions. Result indicated that nanosilver reduced the growth of Botrytis cinerea inviro culture. The highest antifungal effect was seen in the treatment with 40g/l nanosilver. In the other hand, the effect of nanosilver and time on diameter growth of Botrytis cinerea was not significant, individually (p≤1%). Limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: Green Synthesis of Nano is a reliable method for the nanoparticles synthesis and environmentally friendly approach.

Abstract Purpose: This study examined the efficacy of aqueous dips containing the amino acids, L-arginine, L-cysteine and L-methionine, to inhibit the senescence of six leafy green vegetables pak choy, coriander, choy sum, spinach, parsley and rocket. Research method: Pak choy was dipped in amino acid solutions from 2-100 mM to determine the optimum concentration that inhibited senescence. The other vegetables were dipped in solutions with the optimal concentration. Senescence of the vegetables was assessed during storage at 10 °C in air containing 0.1 µL L^­1 ethylene by determining loss of green colour (designated as green life), ethylene production and respiration rates. Findings: For each amino acid, a dipping concentration of 5 mM was found optimal to inhibit senescence as shown by an extended green life and reduced ethylene production and respiration rates of all vegetables to a similar extent, except methionine which did not show a significant effect with rocket, and for spinach only reduced ethylene production. Limitations: No limitations were encountered. Originality/Value: Arginine and cysteine showed considerable potential for commercial use to extend the market life of many green vegetables and with their Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status the amino acids should be a safe, consumer-acceptable treatment.

Abstract Purpose: This study investigates the enhancing growth and flowering traits of petunia (Petunia hybrida L.) through the application of biochar and vermicompost. Research Method: The experiment employed a completely randomized design with four replications in a greenhouse setting during the years of 2022-2023. The experimental treatments comprised the control group (without vermicompost and biochar), vermicompost at 5% by weight, jujube biochar at 2% by weight, or combination of vermicompost with biochar. Findings: Results revealed that the application of vermicompost significantly increased the dry weight of root, shoot, and total biomass by 23%, 51%, and 46%, respectively, compared to the control. Additionally, the vermicompost treatment yielded the highest number of leaves and plant height, while the biochar treatment resulted in the maximum number of flowers per plant. The durability of flowers on the plant varied, with biochar treatment exhibiting the highest durability (6.75 days) while control treatment gave the lowest durability (4.75 days). Biochar-treated plants also displayed the highest levels of total chlorophyll and relative water content in the leaves, exhibiting increases of 29% and 14%, respectively, compared to the control. Leaf nutrient content demonstrated significant changes, with the biochar + vermicompost treatment exhibiting the highest nitrogen and potassium content, demonstrating a 34% and 19% increase, respectively, compared to the control. Research limitations: No limitations were identified. Originality/Value: In summary, the findings underscore the positive influence of biochar and vermicompost fertilizers on the growth, ornamental features, and physiological characteristics of petunia. Notably, biochar demonstrated superior effectiveness in enhancing ornamental parameters compared to vermicompost. Biochar and vermicompost can be used as organic fertilizers to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and increase the production and yield of petunia plant.

Abstract Purpose Organic farming system was considered to increase fruit quality and improve food safety. Moreover, many consumers prefer organic products due to their better taste. Among the Prunus species, apricot is well grown in the world due to its good taste and multi uses. Tunisian apricot cultivars are cultivated in many areas, well adapted and characterized by varied pomological characteristics. In fact, due to the demand of the fresh market, there is growing introduction of commercial cultivars with firmness, visual appeal and flavor as principal traits demanded. Here, we aimed to assess the quality of organic apricot among local and introduced cultivars, in order to identify the cultivar(s) with better fruit quality performances. Research method: For this purpose, morphological (attractiveness, shape, surface, ground color of skin, etc.) and physico-chemical (weight, width, TSS, titrable acidity, etc.) attributes of fruit were studied according to the international descriptors of apricot and to the other investigations on fruit quality. Findings: Few differences of morphological attributes but high significant differences for most physico-chemical attributes of organic fruit were observed between local and introduced apricot cultivars. The organic cultivation system promotes the production of high fruit quality (high value of TSS: > 13°Brix, low value of acidity and big size) for the 3 local cultivars. Limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: Compared to the introduced apricot cultivars, the local ones are characterized by the performances of their fruit quality and also by their best adaptation under organic cultivation system.

Abstract Purpose: One of the main challenges of saffron production under controlled environments (CE) is that when flowering ends, there is no specific plan for corm proliferation. It seems that transplanting can provide economic justification for saffron production in CE, by providing the possibility of replacement corms production. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility and effectiveness of transplanting of those corms that previously flowered in controlled condition. Research method: To compare the vegetative growth of saffron between two planting methods including direct planting (DP) and transplanting (TP) an experiment was conducted. In the TP method, corms that were flowered under CE were transplanted to four plots beside the plots of DP. At the end of the growing season, leaf and replacement corms (RC) criteria were measured in both planting methods. Findings: Leaf length and weight in DP were 19.5 and 85.1 % more than TP, respectively. Mean RC weight (4.01 vs. 2.35 g), the weight of main RC (14.22 vs. 9.56 g), and number of buds with flowering potential (1.87 vs. 1.28 No. per corm), in DP was more than TP. The number of RC (524 vs. 612 corms per m²) was higher in TP, while RC yield (2093 vs. 1432 g m²) was more in DP method. The percentage of large RC (> 9g) in DP and TP was 19.8 and 6.5 %, respectively. Also, 68 and 32 % of RC yields were belonged to large corms, in DP and TP methods, respectively. Limitations: This study was one of the first studies on saffron transplanting, and the methodologies should be improved in future studies to gain more favorable results. Originality/Value: It was concluded that transplanting of those corms which were flowered under CE is possible, and at least one-third of the RC yield was at the desired weight.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nano-chitosan and chitosan coating on physico-chemical properties of strawberries during storage. Research methods: Fresh strawberries were coated with different concentrations of chitosan (1%, 1.5%. 2%) or nano-chitosan (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8%) and stored in 2⁰C for 21 days. Findings: Coatingstrawberry with0.2% and 0.4% nano-chitosan preserved the overall quality index of the fruit up to 21 days. The treatments reduced weight loss, retained firmness, titratable acidity and L-ascorbic acid, significantly retarded malondialdehyde production and inhibited polyphenol oxidase activity of the stored fruit. The 0.2% nano-chitosan treatment reserved total soluble solid and total anthocyanin content better than the 0.4% nano-chitosan. Although 2% chitosan coating showed the positive effects, the overall quality index of the coated fruit was reduced below the acceptable level after 18 days, shorter as compared to the others coated with the lower concentrations of nano-chitosan. Research Limitations: Nano-chitosan, showing to be the effective coating material in this study, is not popular traded in the industry. Originality/Value: The combination of 0.2 % nano-chitosan coating and storing fresh strawberry at 2°C preserved the quality of fruits up to 21 days. The much lower concentrations of nano-chitosan showed higher positive effects as compared to the higher concentrations of chitosan. This would help to reduce the cost of postharvest handlings for the strawberry industry.

Abstract Purpose: Due the importance of taxol and based on the confirmed role of certain endophytes of Yew tree in the production of this vital compound, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of isolated endophytic fungi on vegetative and qualitative characteristics of stevia plant. Research method: The experiment included five different endophytic fungi isolated from Yew tree. In order to do that, rooted cuttings of stevia were transferred to the pot after being inoculated with different isolated endophytic fungi (TB2, TB2-3, TB20, TB55) of Yew tree in four replications as a completely randomized design and were kept in outdoor conditions. To isolate endophytic fungi, root samples were collected from the yew trees in the Ziyarat forest located in Golestan province, Iran. Main findings: The results of the study revealed the positive effect of Yew tree endophytes as biotic agents on the growth and physiological parameters of stevia. Also, the fungal pathogenicity effect on stevia was not observed. In addition, the main stem diameter, internode spacing, leaf area and other measured parameters were affected by studied endophytes. Among of the five used isolates fungi, three were classified as stevia plant grows stimulator. Also, due to the highest total sugar and antioxidant activity of stevia, rest two isolates were classified as “bio-elicitor”. Limitations: There was no limitation to report. Originality/Value: The findings of the present study suggest that stevia, as a medicinal and economical herb, is capable of coexistence with yew endophytes. If taxol producer endophytes successfully transfer to stevia, it is possible to study the production of taxol in herbaceous plants, thereby opening the new door to easier and cheaper access to Taxol.

Abstract Purpose: Supplying plants with nitrogen in ammonium nitrate- or urea-based fertiliser is wasteful: much is degraded before acquisition, releasing environmental pollutants. Preventing urea degradation can reduce pollution and improve crop nitrogen use efficiency. We investigate benefits to ureic stabilisation, on flowering and stress tolerance, as organic nitrogen sources favourably alter biomass partitioning in this regard. Research Method: We test effects of adding chemically stabilised urea to soil, on the physical form and flowering of containerised, greenhouse-grown pelargonium, petunia, pansy and marigold, when transplanting seedlings to larger pots. Efficacies of stabilised urea, non-stabilised urea and industry standard fertiliser are compared under identical total nitrogen supply. The significance of treatment differences is calculated using a one-tailed t-test. Findings: Development is favourably altered by ureic stabilisation. Earliest changes measured are increased root lengths, leaf growth rates and chlorophyll concentrations. Plants then develop more shoots and 25-130% more flowers. Improvements arise partially through increased nitrogen longevity in soil, and partially through positive effects of urea itself on biomass partitioning between organs, and on plant physiology; giving rise to improved commercial attributes (more branches and flowers) and tolerance to stress (more root, less apical dominance, more chlorophyll). Research Limitations: Further research could measure leachate nitrogen content, and compare different methods of ureic stabilisation in more crops. Originality/Value: Urea stabilisation can increase fruit and flower yields, whilst reducing vulnerability to erratic climates, and fertiliser-derived pollution. We propose that urea’s effectiveness arises because plants have evolved strategies to proliferate whilst competing with micro-organisms for organic nitrogen.

Abstract Purpose: In Oasis areas, salinity becomes a real threat for sustainable agricultural production, and with the introduction of non-native varieties, salinity pressure is more expressed and has harmful outcomes to the local ecosystem and biodiversity. In this context the present study was conducted to compare salt stress behavior of local oasian and introduced cultivars. Research method: Seeds of two local oasian cultivars namely Djerid (Dj) and Nefta (Ne) and one exotic cultivar namely Cayenne (Ca) were treated with four salt concentrations (0; 2.5; 5 and 7g/l NaCl). Salt stress responses were evaluated using germination parameters and early seedling growth. Findings: Results revealed that the increase of salinity level had negatively effect on germination and early seedling for the three cultivars. However oasian cultivars were found to be the most tolerant to salinity. Ne cultivar showed the highest germination percentage and germination index and the lowest mean germination time at 7g/l NaCl concentration. Also, “Ne” performs better on seedling traits as indicated by the less effect of the high salinity on radicle and plumule length as well as plumule fresh weight, compared to the other cultivars. The introduced cultivar “Ca” was identified to be the most sensitive to salt stress. Limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: This study valorized the autochthone chili pepper cultivars by highlighting their salt stress tolerance. Thus, oasian genotypes could be very useful as genetic resources for the development of chili pepper cultivars with improved germination and seedling growth under salt-stress conditions.

Abstract Purpose: Mango is an invaluable and climacteric fruit with a short shelf life. Minimally fresh‐cut mango fruit market is growing very fast, particularly in Europe and the United States, and recently in Asian countries and the Middle East. Consumers demand high quality in fresh-cut fruit. Research method: Effect of different post-cutting chemical treatments including calcium chloride (CaCl₂), ascorbic acid (AA), salicylic acid (SA), oxalic acid (OA) and citric acid (CA) on the quality maintenance and extending the shelf life of fresh-cut were evaluated. Treated slices were placed into the Polypropylene (PP) containers with lids (Passive MAP) and stored at 4±1 °C for two weeks. Findings: The results showed that the highest firmness (7.01 N) was recorded in CaCl₂ treated fresh-cut mangoes at the end of storage. The TSS significantly was lower in all treated fresh-cuts compared to the control. Besides, treated mango slices with AA, SA, and OA had a higher antioxidant activity than other treatments and control. Interestingly, mango slices that were treated with CaCl₂ had a higher texture (4.33) value compared to the control and other treatments. The AA and CaCl₂ treatments maintained the fresh-cut taste compared to the control and other chemical treatments after 14 days of cold storage. The highest shelf life was observed in CaCl₂ (17.5 days) and SA (17.0 days) treatments. The hue values were best maintained in OA and CA treatments. Moreover, the total aerobic mesophilic bacterial and fungal counts remained below detection limits at the end of storage. Limitations: No limitations were found to report. Originality/Value: In conclusion, CaCl₂, AA and SA were better treatments for fresh-cut mangoes because higher acceptability and sensorial quality and also longer shelf life.

Abstract Todays, contamination of agricultural soils by different ways of salinity is increasing as a result of human and environmental factors that would reduce yield and quality of agricultural crops. However, there are some plants that can tolerate some degrees of salinity. Tomato is one of the horticultural crops, moderately sensitive to salinity even that salinity can improve its quality. So, a study was conducted using four varieties of tomato under normal and salt stress (3, 6 and 9 dS m-1) hydroponic conditions to evaluate tomato quality. The results showed that increasing in salinity improves the quality and taste of tomato with a reduction in pericarp thickness, fresh weight and total protein. However, when the degree of salinity exceeds 6 dS m-1, a significant difference was observed in fruit yield which was variety dependent. Also, there is a significant difference between salt tolerance, performance, and taste of different varieties. Furthermore, it is found that the activity of guaiacol peroxidase and catalase enzymes increased as well as an increase in the level of salinity. Tomato cv. Super Chief with the highest number of fruits per plant, high level of proline as well as catalase activity, has the best performance against salinity levels of soil and was more resistant to salinity than other varieties. Also, tomato ‘Super Chief’ had the highest taste index with a slightly decline in the yield. Salt stress tomatoes have more carotenoid than controls but the level of 9 dS m-1 salinity was not tolerable by all varieties.

Abstract Purpose: Pomegranate fruit is highly susceptible to water loss and chilling injuries during postharvest cold storage. Thus an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of modified atmosphere packaging on pomegranate shelf life and chilling resistance under cold storage. Research method: Treatments were vacuum packed and unpacked fruits (control) that were stored in a cold room at 5 ± 0.5 °C and 80 ± 5% RH. At the end of each storage period (30, 40, 50, 70, 90 and 130 days), packed fruits were assessed for physicochemical and quality parameters while control fruit were assessed after 90 days of storage. Findings: Results showed that packaging improves TSS/TA, and some color attributes, and decreased anthocyanin, total acidity, weight loss, electrolyte leakage, chilling injury index and unmarketable fruits. Evaluation of traits in different durations showed that vacuum packaging significantly reduced weight loss, electrolyte leakage, chilling injury index, and interestingly decreased the number of unmarketable fruits by 30%, compared with control. Anthocyanin contents significantly decreased since day 70 of storage. The a* and chroma values of peel significantly increased in packaging treatments as storage period progressed, however, hue value significantly decreased, compared with control. Research limitations: There was no significant limitation to report. Originality/Value: The results suggest that bulk vacuum packaging can be used for up to 3 months to successfully alleviate chilling injury, reduce weight loss and the postharvest losses, and to extend the storage life of pomegranate fruit during cold storage.

Abstract Purpose: Guava is believed to be the most important commercial fruit crop in Bangladesh. Guava fruit exhibit very short storage life mainly due to high respiration rate, susceptibility to various pathogens and mechanical damages which can rapidly reduce the quality. However, the experiment was conducted to study the edible coatings effects on postharvest quality and shelf life of guava.  Research Method: Commercially mature guava fruits (Swarupkathi and Thai) were treated with six edible coatings viz., (i) T₁ : Control, (ii) T₂ : Aloe vera gel (25%), (iii) T₃: Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) (1%), (iv) T₄: Chitosan(1%), (v) T₅: Aloe vera gel (25%) + Chitosan (1%) and (vi) T₆: Green tea leaf extract. The two-factor experiment was designed with a Completely Randomized Design and three replications. Findings: The results showed that, Thai Piara with Chitosan 1% treatment recorded the minimum weight loss (6.28%), the highest vitamin C content (191.44 mg/100gFW), the lowest pH (5.30), the maximum total soluble solids content (6.77 ^oBrix) and the highest titratable acidity (2.04%) at 10 days after storage compare to untreated Swarupkathi piara. Thai Piara treated with Aloe vera gel 25 % + Chitosan 1% exhibited the highest shelf life (13.00 days) followed by (12.67) in Chitosan (1%) treatment. Research Limitations: The study did not focus on ethylene and respiration rate determination. Originality/Value: The study demonstrated that Thai Piara, treated with Chitosan 1% solution showed better performance followed by Aloe vera gel 25% + Chitosan 1% solution for maintaining postharvest quality and shelf life of guava.