Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research

Abstract Purpose: The study of effects of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on ripening of bananas is still an important issue for commercial application of 1-MCP on bananas. Research Method: Mature green bananas were treated with ethylene only (100 µL L^-1 for two consecutive days) and ethylene the same treatment followed by 1-MCP (300 nL L^-1) for 24 h to evaluate the ethylene and 1-MCP effects on ethylene biosynthesis enzyme activities. Ethylene production of whole banana fruit, ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) activities in the pulp and peel of samples were measured. Findings: The result showed that ethylene production rate by the control fruit was significantly greater than the ethylene production rate by the 1-MCP-treated fruit at days 4, 8 and 10. However, changes in ethylene production were similar in both control and 1-MCP-treated bananas. The banana peel and pulp show different patterns of ethylene production during ripening. At the onset of ripening pulp tissues showed higher levels of ACS, and lower levels of ACO activity than peel. Assays of ACO and ACS activities in ethylene-treated fruit showed that the peel had higher levels of ACO activity than the pulp. The ACO and ethylene production were inhibited by 1-MCP treatment whereas ACS increased following 1-MCP application. Research limitations:  Evaluation of ACS and ACO activities during different seasons. Originality/value: Pulp and the peel of bananas respond differently to ethylene and 1-MCP treatment with a greater impact on peel than the pulp. The findings of this study allow 1-MCP to be used in a more commercially reliable manner. 

Abstract Purpose: Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.) is highly appreciated for its nutritional properties, year round availability, low cost and wide use. In central highlands of Ethiopia, Swiss chard has been producing in urban and peri-urban areas but limited information is available about its nutrition and planting distance. Research method: An experiment was designed to study the effects of 50, 100 and 150 kg ha^-1  and control (0 kg ha^-1), and different spacing with row including 20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm distance on growth, yield and nutritional composition of Swiss chard in Debre Berhan. Treatments were set in randomized complete block design with three replications making 45 treatment combinations. Findings: Results indicated that total plant fresh weight, total plant dry weight, above ground fresh weight, above ground dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, plant height, leaf number per plant were significantly affect by the interaction effect of plant spacing and N levels. Leaf area index was significantly affected by intra-row spacing but not by N rate and their interaction. Remarkable difference was recorded on total nitrogen, nitrate contents and vitamin C of leaves due to varied N levels. Generally, growth attributes, yield performance and nutritional composition of Swiss chard obtained best at the combination of 100 kg N ha^-1 N and 40 cm plant spacing. Research limitation: Intra-Row needs further study above the 40 cm planting distance. Originality/Value: combination of 100 kg N ha^-1 and 40 cm in-row spacing can be used for Swiss chard production in Debre Berhan central highlands of Ethiopia.

Abstract Purpose: In Tunisia, Pyrus communis ‘Arbi’ is broadly imperiled by Erwinia amylovora. The breeding of resistant rootstocks is an effectual control strategy for disease management. Therefore, a sound protocol for micropropagation and for the extensive production of high-quality plantlets was developed. Research method: Three groups of LED treatments were carried out: (1) 100% blue (B) LED, (2) 100% red (R) LED and (3) 50% B + 50% R (=BR) LED. Stock plants were micropropagtaed on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with half concentration of NH₄NO₃ and KNO₃. Findings: Throughout the propagation stage, red LED displayed important advantages: it produced optimal shoot height and leaf surface. The least leaf area was obtained with fluorescent light. The blue / red combination yielded considerable amelioration. Shoot weight/callus weight was maximal, along with shoot number and shoot length. The root formation of in vitro grown pear plantlets was greatly influenced by the various light types and by the incorporation of a new root-promoting substance, phenyl acetic acid (PAA). When combining red light and PAA, 89 % of rooting was observed in pear plantlets. The acclimatized pear vitroplants achieved rapid growth without morphological anomalies. Research limitations: In order to improve the survival rates of the acclimatized vitroplants, the acclimatization stage needs to be further studied. Originality/Value: The study compared the impact of different combinations of monochromatic blue and red LED lights and phenyl acetic acid against that of fluorescent light during the micropropagation, rooting and acclimation of a resistant pear (Pyrus communis L., cv. Arbi).

Abstract Purpose: The leaves of Telfairia occidentalis is affected by the various methods of drying and storage employed after harvest. This research work is therefore designed to determining the best drying method for the preservation of Telfairia occidentalis using the mineral and proximate constituents as indices. Research method: The cleaned, fresh leaves were then divided into three portions. The first portion was sundried, the second portion was air-dried and the third portion was oven-dried. Each sample was analyzed for proximate composition and mineral content. Findings: The results of the various analysis generally showed that the oven-dried samples have the highest mineral content followed by sun-dried and then the air-dried. The ash content was most top (12.78%) in the oven-dried example, sample followed by air-dried, sun-dried, and then fresh samples while the moisture content was most top (82.62%) in the clean examplefollowed by sun-dried, air-dried and oven-dried with 11.40, 9.18%, and 6.33% moisture respectively. The carbohydrate content was most top (32.62%) in the sun-dried sample followed by air-dried, oven-dried and then fresh ones with 30.10, 29.58, and 4.44% respectively. The protein content was highest (32.69%) in the oven-dried samplefollowed by air-dried, clean, and then sun-dried examples with 30.16, 5.92, and 2.70%, respectively. The fat content was highest (7.50%) in the air-dried and oven-dried examples followed by sun-dried, and the fresh ones with 6.85 and 1.85%, respectively. The fiber content was most top (11.16%) in the oven-dried example followed by air-dried, sun-dried, and the fresh ones with 10.69, 9.16, and 2.94% respectively. Limitations: The proximate and mineral compositions of the leaves were investigated after drying and storage. Originality/Value: The results showed that the oven-dried samples in most cases, have the highest proximate and mineral composition. So, oven-drying is the most nutritionally viable method in the preservation and storage of Telfairia occidentalis.

Abstract Purpose: The effect of abusing chemical biocides in controlling pests and diseases has drawn the attention of policymakers to the development of methods potentially available in nature for this purpose. Research method: In the present study, the inhibitory effects of four different essential oils against Botrytis cinerea were tested at various concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 μL L^-1) in in vitro and in vivo. Main findings: The in vitro results showed that the growth of B. cinerea was completely inhibited by the application of anise oil at concentrations of 800 μL L^-1. The in vivo results indicated that treated fruits with marjoram oil had more total soluble solids, and anthocyanin content in comparison to anise, chamomile, and black caraway oil. Furthermore, among essential oils, treated fruits with black caraway essential oils had the lowest pH, while anise, chamomile, and marjoram oil had the highest pH. The highest anthocyanin content and pH were obtained at 200 and 400 μL L^-1 concentration and lowest values were found at a control treatment (respectively). The most total soluble solids were observed at control treatment and the lowest values were recorded at 600 μL L^-1. The application of each essential oil decreased the percentage loss in fresh weight significantly and increased the storage-life of the fruit. Limitations: Higher cost of application was a limitation. Originality/Value: This research confirms the antifungal effects of anise, fennel, chamomile, and marjoram essential oils both in vitro and in vivo on grape fruits postharvest. Therefore, these essential oils could be an alternative to chemicals to control postharvest phytopathogenic fungi on grape fruits.

Abstract Purpose: The texture is an essential feature of the nutritional value of fruit and vegetables and plays a critical role in the acceptance and success of these products by the consumer. However, mechanical injuries cause softening and abrasion in the mulberry fruit tissue during harvesting, difficult to assess. The experiment was conducted to estimate the mulberry fruit texture model by linear measurements for several harvesting conditions. Research method: The mulberry may fall from the highest or middle branches or harvest by hand since three heights, including 0, 1.5, and 3 meters, were considered for both maturity stage, including purple and black stage, for dynamic loading experiments to measure texture in an orchard simulated ambiance. Mulberry fruits were stored at 3 °C for seven days. The abrasion area of mulberry fruit was determined by image analysis. Also, TA-XT PLUS Texture Analyzer (micro stable system, England) was used to perform the compression tests of mulberry fruits. Regression analysis of abrasion area versus practical factors (harvesting method, maturity stage, and storage time) was used to develop several models for assessing the area of fruit abrasion. Findings: The combined effect of hot water for 3 minutes with 3% citric acid resulted in better quality fruits (less mass loss, less degradation of soluble solids, organic acids, and vitamin C), in addition to delaying the development of browning pericarp and pulp until the sixth day of storage. Limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: These models promisingly and accurately estimate the abrasion area of fruit without applying any inaccurate procedures, e.g., using a caliper in many experimental comparisons.

Abstract Purpose: Lycium barbarum berries can be a source of natural antioxidants for human food production. Research method: To increase the antioxidant activity of secondary metabolites in goji berry seedlings, we applied amino acid L-phenylalanine (Phe: 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM), sodium selenate (Se: 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg. L^-1), and nitroxine biological fertilizer (170, 330, and 500 μL.L^-1) at three levels. Distilled water was the control treatment. The experiment took place at the research farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2021-2022. Findings: The results revealed that the treatments significantly affected goji berry plants regarding physiological and chemical attributes. Phenylalanine, selenium, and nitroxine substantially affected photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll and carotenoid, antioxidant, and catalase during the two years of foliar application. The results showed that phenylalanine with selenium increased the amounts of flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carbohydrates in goji berry plants. Applying phenylalanine alone had a positive, more potent effect on the amount of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzyme, which shows the impact of this substance on the phenylpropanoid pathway. Using it with nitroxine enhanced the phenol content and superoxide dismutase activity significantly. Research limitations: There was no limitation. Originality/Value: According to the results of this experiment, during the two years of 2021 and 2022, phenylalanine improved antioxidant enzyme activity and other traits significantly. Using phenylalanine and sodium selenate at low concentrations increased all antioxidant compounds and improved plant growth.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of the study was to identify the impacts of storage temperature on strawberries coated with 3% calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and 0.2% nano-chitosan. Research method: Fresh strawberry fruit were immersed in CaCl₂ solution of 3% for 1 min and drained at room temperature before coating with nano chitosan solution of 0.2 %. The treated fruit was then stored at 0 ^oC, 2 ^oC, 4 ^oC and 25 °C. Physico-chemical analysis was performed in each three-day interval. Findings: Of the four examined temperatures tested, storing the fruit at 0 ^oC was the most effective in maintaining the overall quality index of strawberries up to 21 days. The treatment also reduced weight loss, preserved ascorbic acid content, antioxidant capacity, and total anthocyanin content, prevented microbial growth and prolonged storage-life of treated strawberries up to 21 days. Limitations: the industrial packaging that could affect the actual influences of the studied temperatures was not investigated in this work. Originality/Value: storing fresh strawberries coated with CaCl₂ 3%, nano-chitosan 0.2% at 0 ^oC was the most effective treatment in lengthening the shelf life of the fruit up to 21 days. The combination treatment of coating and storing at 2 ^oC extents strawberry storage life by 6 days when compared to uncoated fruit.

Abstract Purpose: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a strategic medicinal and spice plant in the world. This study aimed to determine saffron stigma quality obtained from different regions of Herat province in Afghanistan. Research method: The experiment was contacted at the food technology lab, faculty of agriculture, Herat University, in 2018. The experiment was set up on a completely randomize design (CRD) with twenty replications. Saffron stigma samples were collected from different parts of Herat province (Ghoryan, Phashton Zarghon, Gozarah districts, and producer companies), and then transferred to the laboratory for determining the saffron quality parameters such as crocins, picrocrocin and safranal using spectrophotometer. Findings: Results showed that the amounts of picrocrocin and safranal were significantly different between stigmas produced in different regions, but there was no significant difference in terms of crocin. The highest amounts of picrocrocin (104.50ϕ 257nm) and safranal (34.95 θ330nm) were recorded in the stigma samples collected from production companies, while the highest amount of crocin (236.95 ω 440nm) obtained from Pashton  Zarghon sample. Evaluation of mentioned qualitative attributes among saffron samples and their comparison with ISO 3632 standard showed that all samples were desirable in terms of crocin (>190 ω 440nm), picrocrocin (>70 ϕ257nm) and safranal (>20 θ 330nm), which were laid in (I) category. Research limitations: There was no limitations to report. Originality/Value: This research is one of the first reports on saffron quality produced in Herat.

Abstract Purpose: The tea plant is one of the most important products in the northern region of Iran, and plays an essential role in the region's economy. Since today many tea plants in the region are being destroyed for various reasons, so having information about the genetics of those trees helps design breeding programs to reach appropriate plants for specific purposes. Research Method: SRAP markers, using eight primer combinations, were used to study the genetic relationships of 27 tea plant samples. Findings: In total, these eight combinations produced 41 scorable bands, 70.63% of which were polymorphic. The calculated PIC for all combinations was from 0.23 to 0.43 at an average of 0.36. Data analysis was performed by NTSYS software using Jaccard's similarity coefficient to determine the amount of similarity and the dendrogram was drawn based on UPGMA. Based on molecular data, the range of similarity between samples varied from 0.393 to 0.933. Samples were divided into five groups at a similarity level of 0.65. The fifth group (E) was divided into four subgroups at a similarity level of 0.75. Research limitations: Application of another marker system such as SSR and AFLP can help to understand the relationships of samples better. Originality/Value: In general, the study of genetic diversity showed that the SRAP marker could be useful in identifying polymorphic regions and estimating genetic distances and germplasm management in tea plants.

Abstract Purpose: A significant number of genetic resources of Camellia sinensis and its allied genotypes have been collected and preserved in Iran TRC. Information about them is mostly based on morphological data. Research method: PCR-RFLP technique and morphological characters were used for the identification of organelle DNA (cpDNA) diversity in 25 tea genotypes. Twenty-one qualitative and quantitative characteristics were evaluated. Findings: A pair-wise similarity among the samples ranged from 0.14 to 0.66 based on morphological data. The dendrogram was designed, and samples were grouped into three main clusters at 0.38 similarity. Using three universal primer pairs which introduced for chloroplast amplified about 4070bp of cpDNA, following the digestion of fragments with three restriction endonucleases (HinfI, AluI and PstI) and the result of this method was introduced six haplotypes. The most significant and widespread haplotype was H2 (frequency ≈ 28%). All of the detected mutations were insertion-deletions and they ranged from 30 to 60 bp. The calculated total cpDNA diversity in populations (h_T), a major portion of it was within populations were (h_S) and genetic differentiation among populations (G_ST) were 0.43, 0.17 and 0.61, respectively. It should have been noted that the calculated G_ST was low and no structure could be identified. Limitations: Applying allied species and using more potent markers such as cpSSR and sequencing can lead to more accurate results. Originality/Value: The results of this study indicate that the PCR-RFLP method and morphological characters are applicable in the identification of tea genotypes and cultivars. In studying Camellia genus phylogeny, the polymorphism in cpDNA has to be considered carefully.

Abstract Purpose: Ready to eat arils can be a value-added product as an alternative use for the whole pomegranate fruit by offering more convenience to the consumer. Recently, the diffusion of local cultivars with typical and unique quality characteristics will offer new opportunities for the fresh international market. Research method: This study aimed to evaluate the quality of arils from five cultivars, namely Gabsi (GB), Jebali (JB), Khalledi (KH), Tounsi (TN), and Zehri (ZH) to be used for ready to eat market, as well as to provide a form of valorization for these cultivars. Findings: Significant differences found between cultivars for most of the evaluated quality parameters. KH, GB, and JB were the cultivars with the best initial quality. PCA separated the investigated cultivars based on the storage period. Among the studied cultivars, the main changes in color and sensory quality attributes during storage have been registered for the cultivars JB and KH. TN showed slight color difference during storage. GB had right color intensity, maintained high content of anthocyanins, and the best sensory evaluation at the end of storage. Limitations: Based on their nutritional quality, cultivars GB and KH were the best cultivars for ready to eat arils processing. However, a proper selection of initial quality should be considered. Originality/Value: The richness of local Tunisian pomegranate cultivars with its typical and unique quality traits. They could be used as a ready to eat form to valorize the whole fruit thereby, will enhance marketing demand.

Abstract The effects of thiamin (Thi) applied as foliar spray on some morphological and physiological traits were investigated in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Four levels of Thi including 0 (distilled water), 250, 500 and 750 µM were tested in a randomized complete design with three replications at research greenhouse of University of Guilan, Iran. Thi exerted a significant effect on the most studied indices. The highest amounts of leaf, stem and root dry weights and number of lateral branches were obtained in plant which were treated by 500 µM Thi. Thousand grain weight increased by increase in Thi levels, as, its value in 700 µM Thi, was 26% more than control. Thi spraying especially in concentration of 750 µM improved the leaf nutrients content (N, P and Ca). Chlorophyll b content in leaves affected positively by Thi, and its highest value obtained in 750 µM treatment (0.75 mg g-1 FW). The highest and the lowest phenolic compounds were gained in 0 and 750 µM levels of Thi (47.2 vs. 40.3 mg 100g-1 FW). Similar trend was observed about total antioxidants, where their content in 750 µM was 13% more than control treatment. Generally, it seems that Thi can be considered as an appropriate growth regulator in basil medicinal plant cultivation.

Abstract Purpose: Since most cut flower consumers do not have knowledge as to how to extend the post-harvest life of the cut flowers, the cut flowers purchased by them last for a very short time. The present study aimed to evaluate the people’s awareness as to cut flowers and the extent to which they consume and keep these flowers in Gorgan, Iran. Research method: The sample size was determined to be 267 individuals by the Cochran formula. Considering the research objectives, 13 questions were developed within a questionnaire. Findings: The results showed that 34.1 percent of respondents had no knowledge as to the cut flowers. Among the studied parameters, the cost was the second most important factor in flower choice after interest. Among respondents, 55.1 percent asserted that advertisement and promotion methods were effective on flower consumption. Also, 77.9 percent stated that they only used water to keep flowers and just a little percent added compounds to water. Research limitations: Evaluation of people from more cities in Iran. Originality/Value: It was found that flower consumption was not in a good state and people in Gorgan, Iran did not have enough knowledge as to the cut flowers and how to keep them and it was far from the ideal situation. To enhance people’s knowledge and improve their vision, it is necessary to perform training and extension works by the relevant officials.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effects of NaCl priming to increase salt tolerance in Dracocephalum moldavica L. an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design at Shahrekord University. Research method: Seeds of medicinal plant D. moldavica were primed with NaCl (1 M/ for 24 h/ at darkness/ under 25˚C) and then 30-day-old plants were introduced to salinity (0, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) for one month. The analyzed parameters consisted of dry weight, leaf area, total water content, leaf relative water content, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, photosynthetic pigments concentrations, total phenolic content and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Main findings: NaCl-priming alleviated the injurious effects of salinity in the salinized plants. The biomass increased up to 64.5% and 3-fold at 100 and 150 mM NaCl, compared to exclusively salinity. Ion leakage and lipid peroxidation decreased as well. Moreover, NaCl-priming led to increase leaf area, improve water status, photosynthetic pigments content and antioxidant enzymes activities in favor of improving the biomass of salinized D. moldavica. Total phenolic content increased by salinity alone, but NaCl-priming markedly decreased it at normal condition. The pattern of polyphenols concentration and accumulation was different under NaCl-priming + salinity treatment. Limitations: No special limitations were founded. Originality/Value: Seed priming with NaCl enhanced salt tolerance in D. moldavica through improving water status and photosynthesis, protection of cellular membrane integrity and changes in antioxidant enzyme activity. Alternation in polyphenols concentration might be a signature of changes in the medicinal properties of different parts of this medicinal plant.

Abstract Purpose: Chitosan, a natural biopolymer with antifungal and eliciting properties is able to reduce postharvest decay of table grapes. Anti-fungal and anti-microbial effects of essential oils are the result of many compounds acting synergistically. In this study, the effectiveness of Thymus essential oil (TEO) and chitosan to control postharvest decay and quality of ‘Shahroudi’ table grape was investigated. Research Method: Grapes treated by 0.5% and 1% (w/v) solution of chitosan, 150 and 300 µl l^-1 Thymus essential oil and their combination (untreated fruit were as control). At first chitosan solution prepared then Thymus essential oil was added it in combination solution. Harvested grapes were packed in 200g bags and stored at 0±2 ^◦C and 90% ± 5 RH for 90 days. Findings: Differences in weight loss, color change, ripening, sensory quality and decay between grapes treated with chitosan and TEO and control fruit suggested that TEO and chitosan were both suitable coatings. Moreover, the sensory analyses revealed beneficial effects in terms of delaying rachis browning and dehydration and maintenance of the visual characteristics of the grape without detrimental effects on taste or flavors. Research limitations: It had no limitation to report. Originality/Value: TEO and chitosan might have good effects in reducing postharvest fungal rot and maintaining the quality of ‘Shahroudi’ table grapes which proved to be much more effective than TEO.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this research was to evaluate various coatings for preserving the quality attributes of “Malas-e Saveh” pomegranate arils during storage. Research method: A bi-factorial experiment in frame of completely randomized design was conducted to compare eight coating treatments at two storage times (two and four weeks) with three replications. Findings: The highest pH and acidity was observed in the ascorbic acid treatment after four and two weeks of storage, respectively. The control after two weeks had the highest TSS and the nanosilicate container after four weeks had the highest taste index. The zero-day control had the highest vitamin C, while Aloe vera gel + chitosan and nanosilicate container after four weeks had the lowest. The zero-day control had the lowest total phenols but the highest total flavonoids and anthocyanins. Aloe vera gel, ascorbic acid and nanosilicate container after two weeks had the highest antioxidant activity, which first increased and then decreased with storage. The coatings did not significantly affect maintaining the L index or brightness of pomegranate arils. However, Aloe vera gel better maintained the (redness) and b (yellowness) indices. Aloe vera gel + ascorbic acid best preserved the sensory values closest to the zero-day control. Research limitations: None were found to report. Originality/Value: After comparing conventional coating materials with emerging options, this study revealed that Aloe vera gel alone or in combination with other coating materials was effective in preserving the quality of pomegranate arils during storage.

Abstract Purpose: Due to pharmaceutical value of Stevia plant (Stevia rebudiana Bertoni.), this study was done to introduce a new protocol for rapid mass propagation of itthrough tissue culture. Research Method: In MS medium shoot proliferation of stevia by six concentrations of BA (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 mg·l^-1) and root induction by four concentrations of IBA (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 mg·l^-1) was investigated.Rooting of cuttings was done both in vitro and ex vivo conditions. Findings: According to the results, the most number of stems obtained in MS medium containing 0.3 mg l^-1 BA. The highest length of stems obtained in MS medium without BA and the most number of leaves observed in MS medium supplemented with 0.4 mg·l^-1 BA. In in vitro situation, the most number and length of roots obtained in MS medium without IBA. The most number of rooted cuttings was obtained in IBA solution after 72 hours and about 70% of rooted cuttings were healthy. Research limitations: It had no limitation to report. Originality/value: In conclusion, it seems that the potential of producing root and shoots in stevia plant is extremely high, so its proliferation is possible using low concentrations of plant growth regulators in in vitro culture.

Abstract Purpose: Tomato postharvest losses are as high as 60% in Nigeria despite being 13^th producer. This could be reduced when tomatoes were carefully treated and packaged. This research investigated the effects of chemical dips and packaging on storability of tomatoes. Research method: The research was a factorial design laid out in RCBD with three replications. The field work was done in Kura while the laboratory was done at Kano University of Science and Technology. Tomatoes were harvested, sorted, weighed into 3 kg lots and treated (D₁= dip in water, D₂= dip in 200 ppm NaOCl and 1% CaCl₂ for 5 minutes and D₃= dip in 200 ppm NaOCl and 3% C₆H₇KO₂ for 5 and 1 minutes respectively) and packaged as follows: (P₁= kraft paper, P₂= perforated polyethylene and P₃= sealed polyethylene). Analyses of firmness, % weight loss, % rot, ascorbic acid and lycopene were carried out every 3 days. Data collected were analyzed using GLM procedure (SAS) and means separated using LSD. Main findings: Results showed fruits dipped in 200 ppm NaOCl and CaCl₂ for 5 minutes; packaged in perforated PE; and fruits dipped in 200 ppm NaOCl and CaCl₂ for 5 minutes and packaged in sealed polyethylene were the best combinations. The treatments maintained physico-chemical parameters of tomatoes within acceptable limit for 24 days. Limitations: Firmness measurement was a challenge of the study. Originality/Value: A combination of the two factors is novel in the study environment and this could help in reducing the postharvest losses thereby improving farmers’ income.

Abstract Purpose: Moroccan saffron is considered among the best quality produce worldwide. Its main production zones in Morocco are Taliwine and Taznakht administrative districts, located in the semiarid and arid bioclimatic ranges. The present study objective is the chemical characterization of Moroccan saffron from the main producing counties in relation with climatic conditions, altitude, soil, and irrigation water. Research method: Saffron, soil and water samples were taken from 10 counties representing 80% of the production areas and underwent analysis using standard methods.  Findings: Results showed that 80% of saffron samples are classified in category I, regarding crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal contents, according to the international standard ISO 3632-1. Soils supporting saffron cultivation are coarse and low in organic matter; their pH is alkaline and the EC low. Irrigation water is generally alkaline with low to very low EC. Statistical analysis showed that moderate altitude (1650-1900m) in the semiarid bio-climatic range had a positive effect on saffron quality (higher picrocrocin and crocin contents). Safranal was not influenced by altitude or by the bio-climate. Water and soil did not show any influence on saffron quality. Research limitations: As some cooperatives had organizational problems, it was not possible to get saffron samples from high altitude in the arid bioclimatic range in 2017 and 2018. Originality/Value: The most important value of the present work is the large number of samples distributed over three years and covering 80% of the production territory, which enabled to distinguish an effect of bio-climate and altitude on picrocrocin and crocin.

Abstract Purpose: The oxidation of pericarp is the main one that affects the quality and acceptance of rambutan by consumers, thus, this study aimed to evaluate the isolated and combined effect of hot water and citric acid on the postharvest quality of pericarp and pulp of rambutan stored under refrigeration. Research method: Ripe fruits were immersed in a solution with hot water (45°C in 1 and 3 minutes), citric acid (1 and 3%), and in combinations between them. After the treatments, the loss of mass, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, vitamin C content, and browning of the pericarp and pulp was evaluated every three days during 12 days of cold storage (10°C). Findings: The combined effect of hot water for 3 minutes with 3% citric acid resulted in better quality fruits (less mass loss, less degradation of soluble solids, organic acids, and vitamin C), in addition to delaying the development of browning pericarp and pulp until the sixth day of storage. Limitations: Investigations of oxidizing enzymes were absent (equipment) to support the study results. Originality/Value: Studies involving accessible and low-cost technologies that limit physiological damage after harvest (browning of the pericarp) and preserve the quality of the rambutan are recommended. Thus, the pretreatment of rambutan with hot water for 3 minutes associated with 3% citric acid is indicated to preserve the quality of the fruit during refrigerated storage (10°C) for 12 days.

Abstract Purpose: Wild apricot fruit is a rich source of carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. Its shelf life is very short due to its perishability characteristics. High perishable nature, high acidity and low sugar content of wild apricot fruits are the major limitations for their utilization as fresh fruits. Research method: In this research, Wild apricot fruits were osmotically dehydrated and packed in different packaging materials viz. polyethylene, aluminium laminated and shrink packages were than stored under ambient conditions for six months and analysed for quality and sensory parameters at two months intervals. Osmotic dehydration is a technique where moisture is partially removed and the sweetness is increased by dipping the fruits in concentrated sugar solution, followed by final drying in hot air. Potassium metabisulphite is added in sugar solution as preservative and to improve colour of the final product. After draining the syrup, the fruits are dried in a mechanical dehydrator to a constant weight. Main findings: Results showed that aluminium laminated packaging material proved to be best among the all packaging materials in maintaining superior quality up to six months of storage as indicated by higher mean titratable acidity (5.78%), reducing sugars (10.11%), total sugars (37.71%), ascorbic acid (4.77 mg/100g) and lower moisture content (11.14%). All the sensory parameters including colour, taste, texture, flavour and overall acceptability declined significantly during storage period of six months. Limitations: There were no limitations to report. Originality/Value: It was found that the most suitable packaging material was aluminium laminated whereas the greatest change in sensory parameters was observed in polyethylene packaging.

Abstract Purpose: Modern onion breeding is almost completely based on the production of hybrid seed. This project was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of marker-assisted selection (MAS) in identification of the cytoplasmic types and Ms locus in 123 onion accessions. Research method: Three cytoplasmic markers cob, accD and MK were used to identify the sterility (S) from the fertility (N) cytoplasm and four nuclear molecular markers (OPT, PsaO, Jnurf-13 and AcSKP1) were used for genotyping of Ms alleles. Findings: The results showed that the two accD and cob markers were quite similar in the detection of the type of cytoplasm with 100% male sterility for male sterile lines and 100% fertility for maintainer lines. The MK marker was able to distinguish T-type cytoplasm as well. Based on the results, the frequency of fertility (N) was much more than the frequency of sterility (S and T) cytoplasm found to be 90% in Dorche (pop.1), 100% in Dorche (pop.2) and Kashan based on marker cob and accD and with MK marker, was found to be 80%, 90% and 82% in Dorche (pop.1), Dorche (pop.2) and Kashan, respectively. Limitations: In this study, nuclear markers were not successful due to not finding linkage disequilibrium with the Ms locus, suggested more markers to be evaluated. Originality/Value: Molecuar markers were very suitable for the indentification of S or N lines. Cytotype (N/S) determination of plants by usingmolecular markers (cob, accD and MK), could easily reduce the population size required for the production of onion hybrid seeds.

Abstract Purpose: Moringa oleifera is a multi-purpose plant. The growth curve would determine harvest date and maturity indices. Analysis of proximate and mineral constituents would highlight nutritional and health benefits. Research methods: Investigations were conducted on growth curve parameters, maturation indices, proximate and mineral compositions of moringa plant parts (Moringa oleifera) on four-year-old tress from 2016-2019. Findings: The growth curve depicted a single sigmoid shape. Pods harvested 25 days after flowering were immature (M1), with a light-green skin colour, firm, tender seeds, and light greenish-cream flesh and seeds. Pods attained horticultural maturity with optimum cooking quality 32 days (M2) post-anthesis with corresponding maturity indices being firm, light greenish-cream-flesh and well–formed seed. Dried partially senesced over-matured pods (M3), harvested after 51 days, had a light-brown dermal layer enclosing dark brown firm seeds with the highest fat and crude fiber being 200.3 g/kg and 314.5 g/kg. Green-tender seeds showed the highest crude protein content of 296.0 g/kg. Immature leaves (L1) had the highest dry matter content while stage 2 leaves had the highest ash content. Matured pods showed the highest moisture content. Mineral contents of stage 3 leaves (L3) consisted of magnesium (4255.6ppm) while stage 1 leaves had the most iron (147.0 ppm) and potassium (30210.0ppm). Leaves at stage 2 had the most sodium (2547.9 ppm) and boron (23.1 ppm). Research limitations: Limited cultivars.  Originality/Value: Maturity indices on the growth curve confirmed the multi-purpose nature of the moringa plant and benefits to the food and health industries.

Abstract Purpose: To prevent chemical toxicity, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles has been proposed as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly reducing agent option by corm extract of Crocus sativus var. Haussknechtii and as well as, evaluate their effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Research method: Silver nanoparticles were produced in the presence of secondary metabolites of this plant. The nanoparticles were then identified using the technique ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM).The antibacterial properties were used against two microorganisms, S. aureus (Gram-positive) and E. coli (Gram-negative), using the agar well propagation method. Findings: The observation of the peak at 450 nm in the UV-Vis spectra for corm synthesized silver nanoparticles reveals the reduction of silver metal ions into silver nanoparticles. The optimum pH and AgNO3 concentrations were 9 and 4 mM, respectively. FESEM images detected the spherical Ag-NPs shape with diverse sizes ranged within 70.70–192.02 nm. Additionally, based on the antibacterial test that has been done for nanoparticles, the mean diameter of the inhibition zone after exposure to S. aureus and E. coli was 22.67±0.58 and 20.00±00 mm, respectively. Limitations: There was no significant limitation to report. Originality/Value: The corm extract of C. haussknechtii is a promising agent for the biosynthesis of almost spherical silver nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles show good Inhibition activity in different concentrations. The AgNPs synthesized by corm extract in high concentrations are found to be high antibacterial activity against two bacterial organisms. This indicates that the increase in nanoparticle diameter is directly related to antimicrobial properties.