Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research

Abstract Purpose: Rose cut flowers have a short postharvest life, which can be increased using different treatments. Thus, an experiment was designed to determine the effect of hot water (one min) and chemical solutions (pulse treatment for 20 h) on the postharvest quality of cut rose flowers cv. Baraka. Research Method: Hot water treatments contain 50, 55, and 60 °C, chemical treatments consist of catechol (5 and 10 mM), sodium azide (0.05 and 0.1 mM) and sodium metabisulfite (5 and 10 mM). Afterward, for the evaluation of associated traits with longevity, the flowers were kept in a vase solution containing sucrose (3%) and hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ at 200 mg. L^-1). Findings: The results showed that the vase life of cut flowers extended about four days by the application of chemical treatments as compared with control. The maximum vase life (9.9 days) observed in 0.05 mM sodium azide and 10 mM catechol (9.7 days). Also, the vase life of cut flowers increased 3.7 days by hot water treatments (at 50 and 55 °C) in comparison to the control. Moreover, the results revealed that the catechol, sodium azide and sodium metabisulphite treatments delayed flower senescence and maintained leaf chlorophyll and petal anthocyanin content. The lowest content of lignin was obtained in 10 mM catechol, and 0.1 mM sodium azide. Research limitations: There was no significant limitation to the report. Originality/Value: Overall, the results showed that catechol and sodium azide were the most effective treatments to increase the vase life of rose cut flowers.

Abstract Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus L.) is marketed for its unique flavor and benefits. The shelf life of fresh button mushroom is limited and its quality decreases rapidly during storage mainly due to high respiration rate. Postharvest changes of browning of the cap, softening of tissues, moisture loss and development of off-flavor lose its marketability. Modified atmosphere rich in CO₂ can modify respiration rate, energy metabolism and physiological changes in postharvest storage of many fresh products. In this study, button mushrooms were treated with high CO₂ concentration (95%) for 0 (control), 6 or 24 h. Thereafter, the mushrooms were ventilated and packed in polyethylene lid containers 500 ml (packed with its lid) (PE-LC) or polyethylene containers cellophane wrapped (PE-CCW) and were then stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C for 14 days. The results showed that high CO₂ treatment for 24 h that were packed in polyethylene container cellophane wrapped significantly affected the shelf life and maintained the flavor of button mushroom during refrigerated storage compared to the control. In addition, after 14 days of cold storage 24 h high CO₂ treated samples that were packed with PE-CCW had better taste and flavor than the control. Color of treated mushrooms especially the BI index in both CO₂ durations was better than control samples. Generally mushroom whiteness, which is an important quality aspect, was also observed the best in 24 h high CO₂ treated samples packed with PE-CCW than other treatments and the control.

Abstract Purpose: The main objective of this work was to assess the effectiveness of potassium permanganate (KMno₄), 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and different packaging on reducing the occurrence of decay and extending apricot fruit shelf life during cold storage. Research Method: Fruits were harvested manually from a commercial apricot orchard based on peel color (light-green) and total soluble solids approximately 10.5 °Brix. Fruits were then dipped in KMnO₄ (20 or 50 ppm) solution for 3 minutes or exposed to 1-MCP (0 or 1 µL L^-1) for 20 h at 20 °C. Thereafter, fruits were placed into polyethylene trays and covered with cellophane films or polyethylene lid (packed with its lid) to create a passive modified atmosphere packaging, whilst the control group remained unpacked and then stored at 0.5 ± 0.5 °C with 80% RH. Findings: The results showed that weight loss significantly reduced when apricot fruit covered with cellophane (10.02%) or when packed in PE containers (0.86%) compared to the unpacked control (37.61%), consequently, the firmness value was higher in unwrapped than wrapped fruit due to the high dehydration of unpacked fruit. Application of KMnO₄ or 1-MCP had no significant effect on TSS. Interestingly, the shelf life extended 3-fold greater in treated fruit with KMnO₄ at 20 ppm or 1-MCP (1 µL L^-1) when packed in PE container compared to control unwrapped fruit. Research limitations: No limitation to report. Originality/Value: In general, KMnO₄ or 1-MCP treatments had a positive effect on fruit color and taste in packed samples on cellophane or PE container.

Abstract Purpose: Despite the significance of garlic as a food product and high annual income, until now there are no local commercialized Tunisian cultivars with registered names, which lead to the lack of recommended varieties of high yielding. This work is aimed to create the first garlic gene bank collection in Tunisia, evaluate the variation, identify yield related traits and structure genetic diversity among them. Research method: Thirty six local garlic landraces from the main production regions of Tunisia were collected and recorded in the National Gene Bank of Tunisia database, then grown in a gene bank field for multiplication. The phenotypic diversity was conducted on the basis of fourteen quantitative characteristics add to flowering ability. Findings: High diversity among Tunisian garlic landraces was detected. The bulb weight and bulb diameter explain the most significant variation of the yield. The cluster analysis sorted the 36 genotypes into three main groups as cluster 1 (11 accessions), cluster 2 (20 accessions), and cluster 3 (5 accessions). However, the grouping of genotypes did not correspond with their geographic origin. The highest genetic distance was reported between NGBTUN442 and NGBTUN452, however NGBTUN429 and NGBTUN434 found to be most similar with the lowest dissimilarity. Research limitation: Morphological traits need to be investigated overtime. Originality/Value: This study is interesting since it presents the first creation of the garlic gene bank in Tunisia. The results will provide basis information for the efficient use of the local garlic germplasm and help breeders to easily select out the desirable materials.

Abstract Purpose: Boron toxicity is an important factor, which reduces crop productivity, quality and medicinal characteristics around the world. Research method: This research was conducted to investigate the effect of different boron (B) concentrations on growth, chemical and physiological characteristics of Satureja hortensis plants under greenhouse conditions in 2016. The experiment was conducted in a glasshouse with 25±3 °C and 15±3 °C (day-night) temperatures, 60% relative humidity and 340 ppm CO₂ concentration. Treatments were different B concentrations as H₃BO₃ that used via irrigation water including 0, 5, 10, 25 and 50 mg L^–1. Main findings: Results indicated that total nitrogen, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, chlorophyll a, b and total, leaf number, relative water content (RWC), specific leaf weight (SLW), areal fresh and dry weights significantly decreased by B increase. On the other hand, increased B concentration in leaf was led to increasing of F0, ΦN0, proline, total carbohydrate and phenolics, specific leaf area and leaf electrolyte leakage. Limitations: No significant limitation to report. Originality/Value: It is concluded that summer savory can tolerate B concentrations up to 10 mg L^–1, and leaf boron accumulation significantly inhibited, however, increased with more B concentration of root medium, which affected all physiological aspects mentioned above.

Abstract Purpose: Berberis integerrima Bunge and Berberis vulgaris L. are traditional plants known for their many health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal potential of B. vulgaris and B. integerrima fruit extracts against Fusarium spp. pathogens as an environmentally compatible natural antifungal compound. Research methods: The antifungal activity of methanolic fruit extracts of B. vulgaris and B. integerrima against Fusarium solani, and Fusarium graminearum was investigated using the microdilution method, growth area measurement, and morphological Changes were studied using scanning electron microscopy analysis. Findings: The methanolic fruit extracts of B. vulgaris and B. integerrima had significant antifungal activity against the studied plant pathogens, with B. integerrima exhibiting a stronger effect. The MIC values of B. vulgaris fruit extract against F. graminearum and F. solani were 150 and 75 mg mL^-1, and B. integerrima fruit extract had 100 and 75mg mL^-1, respectively. F. graminearum was the most resistant fungal species. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the extracts of both medicinal plants changed the structure and morphology of mycelia and, dose-dependently, inhibited conidia formation. Research limitations: There were no limitations. Originality/Value: The study showed that fruit extracts of B. vulgaris and B. integerrima have the potential to be used as natural and environmentally friendly agents against Fusarium species.

Abstract Purpose: Vegetables are important sources of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Bell peppers, the fruit of Capsicum annuum L. is one of the most important commercial crops in the world. This study was conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) doses on growth and yield of sweet pepper under field conditions. Research Method: Treatments consisted of 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha−1. Plant height, Leaf chlorophyll index, flower number, yield, fruit seed number, 1000 seed weight and vitamin C were assessed at immature and mature. Findings: Nitrogen rate increasing affected significantly plant vegetative growth (plant height, lateral stem number, and leaf chlorophyll). The highest length and number of lateral stem and leaf number were obtained in plants treated with100 kg N ha-1.The results indicated that reproductive factors (weight and volume of fruit, plant yield, and 1000 seed weight) were influenced by nitrogen fertilizer. It was observed that fertilization with 150 kg N ha-1 resulted to the highest fruit weight and fruit yield. Although there were no significant differences in vitamin C content among treated plants with different nitrogen levels at a mature stage, it was shown significant differences between treated plants and control. Research limitations: If we could use several sources of nitrogen fertilizer such as ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate, then it was compared themو it seemed that we got better results about sweet pepper. Originality/value: Results showed that nitrogen fertilization has a strong impact on the vegetative, flowering and reproductive growth of pepper plants.

Abstract Purpose: Quality loss is high in pomegranate due to physiological disorders occurred during growth and developmental stages of fruit in main production areas in Iran. Research method: we evaluated the effects of preharvest fruit bagging time (July and August), and bag color (white and brown) on sunburn, cracking, anthocyanin content, and quality of pomegranate fruit. This experiment was carried out on eight-year-old pomegranate trees cv. Shishe-Kab in an orchard located in Ferdows, South Khorasan province, Iran. Main findings: The results showed that the maximum (90%) and minimum (25%) sunburn percentage was observed in control (non-bagged fruits) and white-bagged fruits at August (WBA), respectively. Similarly, the highest percentage of cracking (65%) and the lowest (5%) was obtained in control and WBA, respectively. Non-bagged fruits showed the highest (23.61 mg^-1) anthocyanin, and the lowest rate (13.55 mg^-1) observed in brown-bagged fruit in July (BBJ). The brightness (L) of the peel color of brown-bagged fruit in August (BBA) was the highest while the lowest L value obtained in control and white-bagged fruits in July (WBJ). Bagging did not change the weight, volume, and pH of pomegranate juice. Interestingly, bagging in both white and brown bag effectively reduced fruit sunburn and cracking and decreased the total damaged fruits, particularly when fruits were bagged in August, as compared with non-bagged control. Research limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: The results suggest that proper pre-harvest bagging to improve the quality and reduce losses of pomegranate fruit cv. Shishe-Kab.

Abstract Purpose: Although the area under pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.] cultivation has been increasing over the years in Bhutan, information on the morphological characters and yield performances of the cultivars grown in the country are literally absent. In this study, three landrace cultivars of pineapple (Accession ID: PV1, PV2 and PV3) collected from Sarpang District in Bhutan were evaluated for their morphological and physico-chemical characteristics. Research method: The field experiment was carried out in Randomised Complete Block Design with five replications at Agriculture Research and Development Centre, Samtenling, Bhutan in 2018. Seventeen morphological characteristics and five physico-chemical parameters were evaluated to record the variation amongst three accessions. Findings: The mean fruit weight of PV1 (1.4 kg), PV2 (0.9 kg) and PV3 (0.5 kg) were statistically significant. The fruit yield of pineapple accession PV1 (47.9 t/ha) was significantly higher than that of PV2 (30.0 t/ha) and PV3 (16.7 t/ha). Accession PV1 (14.3 °Brix) and PV3 (14.4 °Brix) had significantly higher total soluble solid (TSS) than that of accession PV2 (10.4 °Brix). Sugar to acid ratio of PV2 (46.81) was significantly higher than that of PV3 (34.95) but not with that of PV1 (41.54). Research limitations: Absence of molecular technique in characterisation of pineapples accessions. Originality/Value: This is the first report of characterisation of pineapple cultivars in Bhutan. Based on the result of this study, National Seed Board of Bhutan released Accession PV1 and PV3 as pineapple variety ‘Samtenling Kongtsey 1’ and ‘Samtenling Kongtsey 2’ respectively in 2020 for cultivation in Bhutan.

Abstract Purpose: Chitin is a structural, long_chain polysaccharide of N-acetylglucosamine subunits with beta 1,4 glycosylated bonds and the second post-cellulose polysaccharide in nature. Chitinases enzymes are capable of degrading chitin, plays essential roles in the decomposition of chitinous wastes, can be used as a biological fungicide against phytopathogenic fungi. Research method: Fusarium isolates were recovered from soil, the spore of phytopathogenic fungi, and cereal tissues in different areas of Birjand plain during 2013-2017. A chitinase enzyme activity assay was performed using the Lugol''''s solution staining method and genomic replication by DECH degenerate primers. Findings: Eighty-three isolates of Fusarium presenting the chitinolytic activity were recovered from soil, cereal plant tissues from different areas of the Birjand plain in Iran. Some isolates were also recovered from barley loose smut and barberry rust spores. Chitinase enzyme activity was detected in Fusarium solani, F. proliferatum, F. avenaceum, F. fujikuroi, F. acuminatum, F. semitectum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. nygamai, F. diversisporum, F. oxysporum and F. longipes by chitinase bioassay method and/or DECH primers for chitinase. Limitations: There were no limitations to report.Originality/Value: Based on the molecular data, the secreted chitinases belonged to chitinse1 or endochitinase-42 kDa, members of GH family 18. This is the first report of chitinases from Fusarium species in Iran.

Abstract Purpose: Food is a basic need for human life. Ensuring food security requires guaranteeing adequate food availability, accessibility, and utilization along with the sustainability of the food system. Food availability can be improved by decreasing food losses. The goal of this study is to document the causes and quantify the amount of losses in Iran’s rice supply chain. Research method: A cross-sectional survey method was used to collect data through interviews with some actors of the rice production chain operating in Mazandaran province, Qaemshahr, in 2015, to approximate percentage weight losses at the different stages in the supply chain. Main findings: The rice losses are estimated to be about one-third of the production that could feed 18 million people per year. On the other hand, the rice losses imply an economic loss of 1,403 million U.S. dollars, annually, and losing some scare resources, such as water, in Iran. Limitations: It is not easy to apply the ways to collect the useful and more accurate data in order to find the most important reasons of food losses for each stage and process of the food supply chains. Originality/Value: It was found that it is necessary to invest in the marketing systems, renew the supply chain and improve knowledge of the actors of the rice chain -from producing to consuming- in Iran’s rice system to reduce the physical and economical estimated losses of rice.  

Abstract Purpose: Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca), a medicinal plant of the Lamiaceae family, has a great diversity and wide distribution in Iran. It is essential due to having leonurine with blood dilution and muscle relaxation effects. Research method: To evaluate the response of the Iranian Motherwort ecotypes in drought environments, an experiment was carried out in split plot design based on RCBD with three replications. Three irrigation levels were considered as main plots, including %100, one-third, and two-third of field capacity, and four ecotypes as sub-plots including Kerman, Taleghan, Sarab and Khansar. The experiment was conducted at Horticultural Research Station, the University of Tehran, in Karaj. Findings: The results showed that water stress affected morphological traits significantly. Water stress had a significant increasing effect on the phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of Motherwort ecotypes. The highest and the lowest total phenol content were observed in Taleghan and Kerman ecotypes, 7.34 and 4.21 mg/mg fresh weight, respectively. The amount and the percentage of leonurine were increased by water stress. The highest and the lowest values of leonurine were observed in the ecotypes of Taleghan and Sarab, respectively, in all three levels of irrigation. There were significant correlations between dry weight (-0.43), antioxidant (0.36), proline (-0.35), catalase (0.4), and the percentage of leonurine. Research limitations: There were no limitations to the report. Originality/Value: It was found a significant variation among the ecotypes in response to water stress. The ecotypes of Taleghan and Sarab were the most tolerant and the most susceptible ecotypes to drought stress among the studied ecotypes.

Abstract Purpose: Highly perishable tomatoes face rapid deterioration at postharvest. This study investigated the effect of methylcellulose (MC) edible coating and citrus essential oil (EO) on disease control and postharvest quality preservation of tomatoes. Research Method: The experimental factors included MC at three levels (0, 0.5, and 1% (w/v)), citrus EO (control, orange, and sour orange EO, at concentration of (1 g/L), and studying time (ST) (7, 14, and 21 days). The treated fruits were stored at 10°C with RH over 80±5% and evaluated for disease severity and other fruit quality attributes during storage. Findings: The results showed that both MC and EO treatments effectively controlled tomato fruit disease and maintained its marketability throughout the experiment, with the combination of these treatments yielding better results. The applied treatments, especially 1% MC, reduced weight loss compared to control. The results indicated increase in coloring of samples during the experiment. The firmness of the fruit tissue decreased over time, and the EO treatment proved to be more effective than MC in preserving fruit firmness. Applying MC and EO treatments, either alone or in combination, preserved total soluble solids compared to the control samples. Research limitations: No limitations were encountered. Originality/Value: Based on the results of this experiment, incorporating EO into MC edible coating showed promise in extending the shelf life of tomatoes by controlling weight loss, rate of metabolism, and disease severity. This approach offers a sustainable and effective alternative to traditional chemical treatments while providing consumers with a healthier and more flavorful product.

Abstract Purpose: The rejection of fruits because of insufficient purple colour in the exocarp has limited the profitability of ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill) fruit. Thus, this study investigated whether glucose infusion through the pedicel can trigger anthocyanin pigment synthesis and accumulation of early harvested ‘Hass’ avocado exocarp, thereby resulting in improved colour development during ripening. Research method: ‘Hass’ fruit were continuously infused through the pedicel with distilled water and different glucose concentrations; 0.05, 0.13, 0.28 mM and control, therefore, assessed for fruit quality; firmness loss, visual colour) chromaticity parameters (lightness-L*, chroma-C* and hue-h°) and exocarp pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) during ripening at 25°C. Findings: Infusion of glucose and distilled water extended the ripening period by one day. Chlorophyll degradation was delayed in response to glucose infusions and distilled water compared to control. Results indicated that 0.05 and 0.13 mM glucose infusion increased anthocyanin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside accumulation in the exocarp, correspondingly improving exocarp colour (visual colour) after 8 days at 25°C when compared with 0.28 mM, distilled water and control. Limitations: Anthocyanin-regulating enzymes and genes of the ‘Hass’ avocado fruit have not yet been identified. Originality/Value: This study provides insight into the possible role of C₆ sugars in ‘Hass’ avocado fruit during postharvest ripening.By encouraging carbohydrate accumulation in the avocado fruit exocarp, postharvest poor exocarp colouration could be controlled.

Abstract Purpose: Plants are naturally influenced by magnetic fields. On the other hand, the application of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles may improve the quantitative and qualitative traits of plants. Research method: The effect of magnetic field and nano and bulk-TiO₂ was studied on the yield of saffron in Nishabur County, Iran. The treatments included 5-mT magnetic field (at three levels of control, exerted magnet tapes into substrate, and the 24-hour exposure of the corms to the magnets) and TiO₂ (at five levels of 0 as control, 1000 and 2000 ppm nanosized-TiO₂, and 1000 and 2000 ppm bulk TiO₂). During the growing season petal fresh and dry weight, flower fresh weight, stigma dry weight and corm weight were recorded.  Findings: The results showed that studied traits were significantly (p  < 0.01) influenced by the magnetic field and nano-TiO₂. The highest stigma dry weight was related to the treatment of 2000 ppm nano-TiO₂ and 48-hour exposure to the magnetic field, showing an insignificant difference with 1000 ppm nano-TiO₂. Application of TiO₂ nanoparticles in 2000 ppm increased stigma dry weight by 14.7 % and corm weight by 51 % compared to the control. Exposure of corms to magnetic field in planting media and pretreatment with it, increased corm weight by 13.6 and 26 % in comparing to control, respectively. Limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: According to the results, it is possible to use magnetic fields and TiO₂ nanoparticles to stimulate the growth of corms and flower of saffron.

Abstract Silverberry fruit is an important medicinal fruit that used for reducing pain. The present work was carried out to study the effect of potassium meta-bisulfite (KMS) and air drying temperature on quality of Russian olive fruit.
Different KMS levels (0, 1, 2 and 4%) and drying temperatures (45, 60 and 75°C) were used and some traits such as weight loss (WL), rehydration ratio (RH-R), TSS (total soluble solids), TA (total acidity), TSS/TA ratio, ascorbic acid, color parameters (L*, a*, b*, chroma and Hue, TEPL, TEPa and TEPb, ΔE and BI), total phenol (TP), and potassium were measured. WL, RH-R and total color change (ΔE) increased with increment of pre-treatment concentration. All traits except TSS, were significantly affected by drying temperature. TA, ascorbic acid and TP raised by increasing air temperature from 45°C to 60°C. Temperature higher than 60°C increased ΔE. Increment of temperature from 45°C to 75°C led to an increasing trend of browning index, a*, b* and C* (chroma), however, L* (lightness) and hue angle decreased. In general, using higher KMS concentrations as pre-treatment improved weight loss during drying, however, significant color change observed and color retention significantly reduced. Drying temperature higher than 60°C also increased browning index of Russian olive fruit, however, total phenols increased in parallel. Thus, it is suggested that drying temperatures lower than 60°C may be good treatment for drying silverberry fruits.

Abstract Purpose: The control of stored-grain insect pests is predominantly done through the use of synthetic insecticides. However, the extensive and constant (mis)use of these chemicals has brought complications that include faster evolution of resistant forms of pests, hence a global call for alternative control measures to reduce chemical applications.  The aim of this research was to evaluate the repellent and toxic effects of E. citriodora leaf powder on adult P. truncatus and Sitophilus zeamais. Research Method: A completely randomized design was adopted in all the experiments. A choice test arena was set up to evaluate repellent effects of E. citriodora leaf powder on P. truncatus and S. zeamais. The toxic effect of E. citriodora was also evaluated, with untreated grain and conventional insecticides used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Findings: Results showed that E. citriodora leaf powder had repellent properties of up to 68.9% against both P. truncatus and S. zeamais populations. Nonetheless, low adult P. truncatus mortalities were recorded when the protective effects of the E. citriodora leaf powder (at the rate of 10% w/w) were tested against the beetle. Additionally, the efficacy of the synthetic insecticides was relatively higher when applied singly than when in combination with E. citriodora leaf powder. Research limitations: Time was the major limiting factor to consider other parts of E. citriodora plant (e.g. roots) on their usefulness in stored-product insect pest management. Originality/Value: Small plantations of E. citriodora may be established to offer a temporary grain protection against primary insect pests.

Abstract Purpose: One of the primary methods in increasing shelf life and maintaining the horticultural product quality is the application of edible coatings at the product surface. In this regard, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of tragacanth gum on some characteristics of pomegranate fruits such as weight loss, appearance quality, decay index, pH, soluble solid contents (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), maturity index, total phenol, vitamin C and anthocyanin content. Research Method: Fruits of two cultivars (‘Malase Yazdi’ and ‘Malase Daneh Siah’) were harvested and immersed in the tragacanth gum (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 g l^-1) solution for one minute. After applying treatments, fruits were air-dried, weighed, put in plastic baskets, and kept in the conventional storage in a completely randomized design for three months. Some quantitative and qualitative traits were measured and compared with the non-treated samples. Findings: Results revealed using tragacanth gum had a different effect according to cultivar type. The results also showed that tragacanth gum coatings could control the reduction of fruit appearance quality, and reduce the number of fruit decay in the ‘‘Malase Yazdi’’. In ‘‘Malase Daneh Siah’’, coating with tragacanth gum could improve pH, SSC, TA, and total anthocyanin content. Phenol content in both cultivars increased at the highest concentration (10 g l^-1) of this edible coating. Research limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: Tragacanth gum coating could improve fruit quality of pomegranate during traditional storage and can be recommended to traditional pomegranate gardeners who still have large-scale traditional pomegranate storage.
 

Abstract Purpose: Ineffective storage technology is the major concern for the high level of postharvest loss in Bangladesh. So, aiming to pick out the promising storage strategy of mango, this study was conducted. Research method: The mangoes cv. Amrapali were kept under two storage conditions viz., ambient and refrigerated (13 ± 2 °C and 15-20% RH) storage having five postharvest treatments including untreated control, perforated polyethylene bag, unperforated polyethylene bag, chitosan coating and edible oil (soybean) coating. Findings: The effect of storage conditions and postharvest treatments were found highly significant on the chemical parameters. Unperforated polyethylene bag and oil coating showed the highest titratable acidity (0.51 and 0.50%), the highest vitamin C (22.43 and 22.63 mg/100 g), and the lowest TSS (8.90 and 10.00%) under refrigerated condition and control showed the lowest titratable acidity (0.10%), the lowest vitamin C (12.50 mg/100 g), and the highest TSS (27.03%) under ambient condition at 9 days after storage. Unperforated polyethylene bag and oil coating under refrigerated conditions kept mangoes edible up to 9 days after storage. But after certain days of storage, unperforated polyethylene bag and oil coating developed off-flavor making mangoes inedible. Research limitations: More research should be conducted using other mango cultivars. Originality/Value: The perforated polyethylene bag under refrigerated condition showed a slower change of chemical parameters, simultaneously resulting in the longest shelf life (27 days) without producing any unwanted flavor and taste indicating efficient postharvest storage.

Abstract Purpose: Soil salinity is a prevalent abiotic stress that adversely affects crop productivity worldwide. Salinity is an environmental stress that limits growth and development in fruits and vegetables due to increasing osmotic pressure, imbalancing of nutrients and toxicity of some special ions. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is one of the most important fruits and vegetables. Research method: In this study, effect of salt stress (NaCl) on eight cultivars of  tomato (king  stone, Caligen, Super Strain B, Primo Early, Early Urbana VF, Early Urbana 111, Cal-j-N3 and Peto Early CH) were investigated. Plants were cultured in hydroponic conditions with five treatments of NaCl including 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mM. Each test has repeated three times. The growth indices, Ions, chlorophyll, soluble sugar and proline contents, were measured in roots, stems, petioles and leaves. Main findings: The results showed that, sodium and chloride contents increased in all parts of the cultivars with increasing NaCl concentration. However nitrate and potassium contents decreased. Proline and soluble sugars contents increased in leaves under salt stress too. In Primo- Early, Early Urbana 111, Cal-j-N3 and Petoearly CH, soluble sugar content increased with increasing NaCl concentration up to 90 mM. In all varieties, high salinity reduced chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids contents and growth indices. As far as the measured factors are concerned, it seems that Early Urbana VF and Super Strain B showed a high capacity to tolerate salinity stress. Limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: This is an opportunity to identify salinity-tolerant tomato cultivars that play an important role in the cultivation and production of quality crops.                                                                                   

Abstract Purpose: Increasing demand for pre-packaged fresh-cut cowpea based on nutritional content, convenience and ready-to–use attributes is limited due to its highly perishable nature. Research method: Two experiments were conducted to investigate the shelf life and storability of fresh-cut cowpea. Fresh-cut cowpea (cv. Local Green) subjected to hydro-cooling with or without sodium hypochlorite was sealed-packaged in LDPE bags and stored at 4-5°C and 20-22°C up to 12 days. The second experiment focused on the occurrence and alleviation of chilling injury (CI) on fresh-cut cowpea (cv. Local Green and cv. Local Pink), stored at 4-5°C and 20-22°C in sealed LDPE bags after 3 and 6 days and upon transfer after 6 days at 4-5°C plus 1, 2 and 3 days at 20-22°C. Findings: Fresh-cut cowpea (Local Green cv.) was 100% marketable after 6 days in sealed LDPE bags at 4-5°C, then decreased to 70% after 12 days. At 20-22°C marketable quality ratings were 87.3% after 3 days, declined to 30% after 6 days and eventually to 100% after 12 days. Absence of chilling injury for both fresh-cut cowpea cultivars, were obtained within the initial 6 days of storage at both temperatures. After 6 days at 4-5°C plus 1, 2 and 3 days at 20-22°C, resulted in progressive increases in CI development which was higher for the Local Pink versus Local Green cultivar. Limitations: Wider range of postharvest dips required. Originality/Value: Temperature control combined with MAP prolonged shelf-life of fresh-cut cowpea and reduced incidence of chilling injury.

Abstract Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the influences of variety and flowering time on physio-morphological and chemical characters of Dragon fruit. Research Method: Two varieties (BAU Dragon fruit 1 and BAU Dragon fruit 2) and four flowering times (May, June, July, and August) were selected for this investigation. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Findings: Significant variations were observed between two varieties of Dragon fruit. It was found that BAU Dragon fruit 2 exhibited better performances on studied parameters as compared to BAU Dragon fruit 1. It was observed that at 38 days after fruit setting (DAFS), BAU Dragon fruit 2 produced highest fruit length (10.01cm), fresh weight (307.94 g/fruit), dry weight (24.85 g/fruit), pulp weight (168.98 g/fruit), peel weight (91.32 g/fruit) and total soluble solids (TSS) (25.16% Brix) as compared to another variety. The combine effects of variety and flowering time showed that August flowering of BAU Dragon fruit 2 produced maximum fruit length (10.74 cm) and peel weight (115.65 g/fruit) while May flowering of BAU Dragon fruit 2 produced maximum fresh weight (456.50 g/fruit), pulp weight (302.12 g/fruit), moisture content (94.63%) and TSS (27.17 %Brix) as compared to other flowering time. In terms of time required to fruit maturity, August flowering BAU dragon fruit 2 matured earlier (30.6 days) than June flowering (35.04 days). Research limitations: Evaluation of more varieties of dragon fruit was a research limitation. Originality/value: These findings reveal that flowering time irrespective of variety has direct effects on fruit growth and development of Dragon fruit.

Abstract Purpose: Peach is a climacteric fruit which have rapid ripening. An alternative to maintain quality and extend the shelf life of this fruit could be the use of edible coatings. Research Method: In the present study, the effect of three different coatings; 0.5% chitosan, 200 mg L^-1 thymol essential oil and their combined use on postharvest quality of peach fruits cv. ‘Zaferani’ were investigated. Dipping fruits in distilled water was used as a control. Changes in weight loss, fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), sensory attributes, decay incidence, anthocyanin and carotenoid content of fruits were evaluated after 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days of storage at 6 °C. Findings: The results showed that the combination treatment of chitosan and thymol presented more effective preservative effect than chitosan or thymol coatings alone. The coated fruits with 0.5% chitosan + 200 mg L^-1 thymol showed significantly lower weight loss, fungal decay and TSS than control treatment. Furthermore, the coated fruits with 0.5% chitosan + 200 mg L^-1 thymol exhibited significantly higher firmness, anthocyanin and carotenoid content and sensory characteristics than untreated control. In addition, the highest shelf life (28.33 days) was recorded in combination treatment of chitosan and thymol. Research limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: The coating composed of chitosan and thymol essential oil can provide an efficient alternative for quality maintenance and shelf life extension of peach fruits.

Abstract Purpose: The white mulberry tree (Morusalba) having a low water requirement, is native to Iran. Mulberry leaf extract is a rich chlorophyll source, and natural source of antioxidants and coloring pigments. White mulberry leaf extract was studied in terms of color production ability and antioxidant properties. Research method: The extracts of mulberry leaves were extracted by pure solvents of methanol, acetone, ethanol and 96% and 80% ethanol. Color extraction was investigated at beginning, middle and end of the production season. Antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds, ferric reducing power and color stability were evaluated. Findings: 80% ethanol had a higher extraction rate and was cost-effective. In April and May, more total chlorophyll and carotenoid were extracted than in June. To determine the optimized antioxidant capacity, 100% ethanol solvent, sample to solvent ratio of 1 to 10, and microwave power of 500-watt were used. The leaves phenolic compounds extracted were highest in April (24.01 μg/ml) and lowest in June (19.13 μg/ml). The ferric reducing power was higher in the first samples of the season. Color stability decreased with pH from 6 to 3 and temperature increasing from laboratory temperature to 90°C and receiving light. Research limitations: The extracted color was not investigated in food products. Originality/Value: Chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenolic compounds and ferric reducing power were higher in the leaves at the beginning of the season. Color extraction from leaves harvested in April with 80% ethanol solvent had a higher value while maintaining pH and storage at room temperature in the dark.

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different tillage methods on the emergence of okra. Research method: The study was carried out at the teaching and research farm of the Federal University, Wukari, Taraba State in July 2018. Tillage treatments in the study were no-tillage, disc plowing, and disc plowing followed by disc harrowing, arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design, replicated three times. Each plot was (4.0 m × 3.0 m) with a 1.5 m gaps between the plots/replicates and blocks. Findings: The results indicated that the tillage methods had no significant (P ≤ 0.05) effects on the emergence of okra seeds. The maximum values of the number of emerged seeds (52 seeds), percentage emergence (92.86%), emergence rate (16.30%.day^-1) and seed vigor index (40.08 seeds.day^-1) were obtained in the plowing and harrowing method. In comparison, the minimum values of the number of emerged seeds (45 seeds), percentage emergence (80.36%), emergence rate (16.13%.day^-1) and seed vigor index (32.77 seeds.day^-1) were obtained in the no-tillage method. The plowing and harrowing approach had the lowest values of mean seed emergence time (6.13days) and seedling mortality rate (5.77%) while the no-tillage process had the highest amounts of mean seed emergence time (6.20days) and seedling mortality rate (13.33%). Limitations: There were no limitations to the report.Originality/Value: The results suggest the plowing and harrowing method may be utilized as a more appropriate and profitable tillage method in improving soil physical properties and seed emergence of okra.