Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research

Abstract Purpose: Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is highly perishable fruit with a limited postharvest life at room temperature and is vulnerable to postharvest decay due to its high respiration rate, environmental stresses and pathogenic attacks.  Research method: To increase the postharvest life of strawberries, a combination of packaging material (polyethylene and perforated polyethylene) along with control and storage conditions {zero energy cool chamber (ZECC) and ambient conditions in laboratory} were tested. Main findings: Mass loss (1.59%) and internal temperature (22.24°C) were significantly reduced while shelf-life (more than 3 days) was enhanced in ZECC as compared to ambient conditions in laboratory with 6.46% mass loss, 23.04°C internal temperature and less than 3 days shelf-life. Packaging material significantly influenced mass loss (%) and electrical conductivity (S/m) of strawberry juice irrespective of its interaction with storage conditions and storage durations. Maximum mass loss (9.11%) and EC (3.74 S/m) were recorded in control samples while, minimum mass loss (1.24%) and EC (3.52 S/m) was recorded in polyethylene enclosed fruit. Irrespective of storage conditions and packaging material pH, TSS, titratable acidity (%) and ascorbic acid (mg100 ml^-1) decreased while electrical conductivity (S/m) increased during storage. Limitations: In future study storage duration should be extended by adding more removals to get clear difference in fruit quality and shelf-life under various treatments. Originality/Value: In conclusion ZECC can be used for short term storage of strawberry.

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and auxin on olive microcutting rooting, and assess how PGPR and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation affect the growth of rooted olive plantlets. Research Method: In the first experiment, native PGPR inoculation with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was tested to enhance rooting in olive microcuttings of 'Mission' cultivar. The second experiment evaluated six inoculation treatments (control, PGPR, Funneliformis mosseae, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, PGPR + F. mosseae, and PGPR + C. etunicatum) for their impact on rooted plantlet growth of 'Mission' and 'Koroneiki' cultivars. Findings: The study showed that PGPR and IBA treatment for 12 weeks resulted in a higher rooting rate (63.33%) and more roots per cutting (4.5) compared to the control. Additionally, PGPR and IBA combination for 16 weeks produced the longest roots (59.03 mm), indicating PGPR's role in enhancing root initiation and growth through auxin modulation. The results also revealed that the 'Mission' cultivar had higher AMF colonization than the 'Koroneiki' cultivar. The inoculation with F. mosseae significantly increased the number of lateral shoots and leaves, stem diameter, and root length in 'Koroneiki', while PGPR + F. mosseae enhanced lateral shoots, leaf number, and stem diameter in 'Mission'. The 'Koroneiki' cultivar also exhibited greater growth responses in stem and root weights, and plant height to AMF and PGPR inoculation. Research limitations: No limitations were identified. Originality/Value: These findings underscore the importance of genetic background in biofertilization strategies for olive cultivation, demonstrating the synergistic potential of PGPR and auxin in rooting and the cultivar-specific benefits of combined PGPR and AMF inoculation.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this work was to determine the effects of UV-C and alginate coating, alone or in combination, on extending the storability and the quality of cherry tomato. Research method: Tomatoes were covered with a 2% alginate coating in combination with UV-C treatment or alone and stored at 10°C with 90-95% relative humidity for 20 days. Tomatoes were evaluated for weight loss, respiration rate, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, lycopene content, total phenolic content, antioxidant content and overall appearance every 5 day. Findings: The results indicated that UV-C +Alginate treatment was highly effective in preserving fruit quality and delaying senescence. Alginate coating preserved brightness and visual quality of fruit while preventing decay. Overall, the integration of UV-C irradiation with alginate coating was the best treatment that could strongly inhibit the increase in the weight loss and respiration and achieved the highest ascorbic acid, total phenolic and antioxidant content. Single UV-C treatment had a positive effect on biochemical compounds at the beginning, but could not maintain this effect at the end of storage. Moreover, lycopene concentration increased as the senescence progressed, but observed higher lycopene contents in control samples. Limitations: No limitations to report. Originality/Value: UV-C + alginate treatment may be a promising method of improving quality and extending the postharvest life of cherry tomatoes.

Abstract Purpose: To enhance the rooting ability of Prunus rootstocks byIndol-3-butyric acid (IBA) hormone associated with bacillus subtilis bacteriain greenhouse conditions. Research Method: Every 20 cuttings of each cultivar were dipped into either powder or liquid IBA with or without Bacillus subitilis. Afterward, the cuttings were planted in any of the cocopeat or perlite medium, in a greenhouse. ANOVA was computed to compare the results among Prunus cultivars. Findings: After 2 months of the experiment, shoots were much better in perlite medium than cocopeat medium. Maxma 14 cuttings did not develop any shoot formation in cocopeat medium, while Garnem cuttings developed the best shoots for liquid IBA and Powder IBA treatment (respectively 1.05 and 1 average number of shoots/cutting). The effect of Bacillus subitilis bacteria on shoots was significant in perlite medium with more shoots for Garnem, Maxma 14 and Myrobolan 29C cuttings, respectively (1.70, 0.35 and 0.95 average number of shoot/cutting). On the other hand, the highest rooting levels were observed in powder IBA + Bacillus subtilis treatment for Garnem and Myrobolan 29C (35% and 20%), while  powder IBA treatment induced better rooting level for Myrobolan 29C and Garnem cuttings (respectively 10% and 5% higher compared to the control). Limitations: There is a need to do further investigation on the survival rate of the shoots, in field conditions. Originality/Value: The association of powder IBA and bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) is promissing to increase the rooting of the Prunus rootstocks cultivar.

Abstract Purpose: The efficiency of callus induction as source of bioactive compound is a critical step in the cell suspension culture for commercial production of important secondary metabolites. One of the main factors affecting callus efficiency is the developmental stage of explants. On the other hands, it has been declared that the optimization of medium composition has a significant influence on callogenesis and increment of biomass.  Research method: The aim of this study was the evaluation of different developmental stages of saffron corms as a source of explant preparation (immature and mature corms), plant growth regulators (PGRs) combinations (1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); 6-Benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (Kin)) and type of medium (Gamborg (B₅) medium and Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium) in callus induction in saffron corms to increase cell biomass. The media were supplemented with different combinations of 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid or 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4, 8 mgL^-1) as auxins and 6-Benzyladenine or kinetin (1, 4, 8 mgL^-1) as cytokinin. Findings: The results showed that mature corms harvested in May had the best developmental stage for callogenesis. The maximum callus formation was recorded in B₅ medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (4 mgL^-1) and kinetin (1 mgL^-1) with 2.61 g fresh weight. Limitations: No limitations to report. Originality/Value: This protocol for sampling explant and callus formation was found to make suitable sources of plant material for further study in production of bioactive compounds via cell suspension cultures.

Abstract Purpose: A study was carried out to determine the potentiality of Bridelia micrantha (BM) as biofumigant for the control of some economically important insect pests of stored food grains. Research Method: BM powder was sequentially extracted with a series of solvents of increasing polarity in a Soxhlet apparatus and concentrated by the rotatory evaporator. The residues were dissolved in 50ml methanol, assayed for insecticidal activity by fumigant toxicity. Effective and active extract which showed maximum activity was selected for analysis using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Findings: Ethyl acetate crude extract and its active fraction (50% hexane: 50% ethyl acetate) showed more potent insecticidal activity with increasing concentration and exposure time. Among the insect species Tribolium castaneum is more susceptible and Rhyzoperthadominica tolerant of the fumigant toxicity treatments. GC-MS analysis revealed that Dibutyl phthalate (96%), 3-Dodecen-1-al (87%), 13-docosen-1-ol (83%) Ethanol-2-(2-butoxyethoxy) (80%), 2-Butenoic acid, 2 propentl (47%), 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (38%) and Phenyl salicylate (30%) were the major constituents out of the eleven bioactive compounds identified. Research limitations: There were no limitations to report. Originality/Value: The results suggested that B. micrantha may be utilized as a good potential herbal fumigant for the management of stored product-insect pests due to its potent insecticidal activity and chemical composition which contains many different chemicals that have different modes of action on target pests and effective in the conservation of the germinative power of the various food grains.

Abstract Edible coatings are an environmentally friendly technology that is applied to many products to control moisture transfer, soluble and aromatic materials, gas exchange or oxidation processes. The objective of this research was to study the effect of tragacanth gum at the concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 15 kg m-3 on storage life and edible quality of apple cvs. Red Delicious and Golden Delicious. After applying treatments, the fruits were kept in a cold storage at a temperature of 0±1 ˚C and relative humidity of 85-95 percent. The weight reduction, external quality, microbial load, and general acceptability of the samples were evaluated after 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of storage, then compared with uncoated apples. It was found that the tragacanth gum significantly reduced fruit weight loss compared to the control, so that weight reduction in uncoated apples was eight times greater than fruits treated with tragacanth gum at 10 kg m-3. This coating preserved firmness of fruit tissue in storage and prevented the softening and senescent breakdown of apples. The tragacanth gum coating desirably preserved the external quality and improved the microbial load, sensory and external properties of the fruits, preserved quality factors of the apples, and prevented fruit ripening during storage. Among the various treatments, the coating at 10 kg m-3 was more effective than the other treatments, maintained fruit juice acidity and pH at desirable levels, and prevented increases in the contents of soluble solids during the storage.

Abstract Purpose: Cucumber is a very sensitive plant even under standard conditions, and its fruit, reaches the harvest stage rapidly. In addition to, in Yemen a lot of fertilizer and fungicide chemical have used during the production. For this purpose, effect of exogenously applied of bio-stimulators (humic acid and yeast) was examined. Research method: Cucumber HATEM F1 Cultivar was used as plant material. Plants were grown during the clean horticulture practices under polyethylene greenhouse condition. The experiment designed as completely randomized blocks design (RCBD). Humic acid at 0, 100 and 300 mg L^-1, as well as yeast at 0, 2000 and 4000 mg L^-1, sprayed once alone or in combination. Findings: As compared to control, humic at 100 mg L^-1 alone increased the yield about 14.88%. Yeast at 4000 mg L^-1 alone offered the significantly (P≤0.05) highest of the plant (88.2%) and higher yield (91.00%). Yeast at 2000 mg L^-1 significantly increased leaves DM% (26.6%). Yeast significantly increases chlorophyll SPAD. The interaction of 100 humic × 4000 mg L^-1 of yeast increased the yield by 168.26% than the control. Research limitations: Further studies were needed to clarify the interaction effect of both substances by using the higher modern technique. Originality/Value: The finding obtained from this study could probably use to manage and successfully applied to the production of organic cucumber. Moreover, it could be suggested that the combination between yeast at 4000 mg L^-1 and humic at 100 mg L^-1 is the best for the productivity of cucumber.

Abstract Purpose: The effect of Pseudomonas sp. rhizobacteria as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in alleviating salt stress in the lettuce plant was studied under greenhouse condition. Research Method: The experiment was conducted following a completely randomized design with three replicates. The treatments include four Pseudomonas sp. strains (B₀ (non-inoculated), B₁, B₂ and B₃) as PGPR and three levels of irrigation water salinity (0, 4 and 8 dS m^-1 as NaCl). Findings: The results showed that with rising salinity levels the lettuce fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll and carotenoids content and K concentration decreased but, the content of membrane stability index (MSI), Na and Na/K ratio increased. However, inoculation of the lettuce plants by PGPR significantly increased the lettuce fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll and carotenoids content, K concentration and K/Na ratio under various salinity levels. Among the PGPR strain, the B₂ strain was more effective in the improvement of the lettuce resistance to salinity stress. Research limitations: If antioxidant compounds and enzymes were measured in this study, it would be helpful to interpret the results. Originality/Value: with regards to the useful impact of the PGPR on the lettuce plant under soil salinity, these microorganisms can be used as biofertilizer to provide nutrients and increase plant resistance to salt stress.

Abstract Purpose: This research has investigated the effect of different levels of nitrogen and selenium on some growth and physiological characteristics of garlic leaves. Research method: This research was done as a factorial in the form of randomized complete blocks in 3 replications. The first factor included four levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha^-1) and the second factor included three levels of selenium (0, 5, and 10 mgL^-1). Findings: In all four nitrogen levels, with increasing selenium concentration, plant height (69.66 cm), fresh weight (10.66 g m²), and dry weight (51.33 g m²) of leaf increased. The highest amount of photosynthetic pigments was observed in the treatment of 150 kg ha^-1 of nitrogen along with 10 mg L^-1 of sodium selenate. Nitrogen and selenium increased antioxidant capacity (45.69 μmol g^-1FW), total phenol (295.60 mg 100 g^-1FW) and ascorbic acid (18.30 mg 100 g^-1FW). Contrary to selenium, nitrogen increased the amount of allicin in garlic leaf, and the highest amount of allicin (0.33 mgmL^-1) was in the treatment of 150 kg ha^-1 of nitrogen along with 0 mgL^-1 of sodium selenate. The maximum plant height and wet and dry weight of the leaf were observed in the treatments of selenium and nitrogen, which shows the positive effect of both elements on increasing the amount of chlorophyll synthesis and, as a result increasing the amount of photosynthesis and carbon fixation, which ultimately will have, increasing the growth rate of garlic plant. Research limitations: None were found to report. Originality/Value: As a result, the treatment of 150 kg ha^-1 of nitrogen along with 10 mgL^-1 of sodium selenate is recommended to increase the antioxidant compounds of garlic leaf, which is a good source of these compounds and selenium in early spring, which also plays an essential role in human health.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fertilizer type and irrigation scheduling on biomass partitioning in saffron. Research Method: The experimental factors were saffron fertilization (no-fertilizer, cow manure and NPK chemical fertilizer) and irrigation regimes (FI=7200 and DI=3600 m³ ha^-1) which were tested during 2015-16 growing season, using a factorial layout. Findings: The weights of roots and leaves had an increasing trend up to 72 and 114 days after first autumnal irrigation (DAFAI), respectively, and then were decreased. Corm production started from 51 DAFAI and its maximum was obtained at DI and chemical or organic fertilizer application. In all combined treatments corm production (maximum rate between 114 and 157 DAFAI) was prior to corm filling (started from 135 DAFAI) and both mentioned indices were higher in DI. The weight of replacement corms per clone in plants that were treated by cow manure and received 7200 m³ ha^-1 water, was higher (~10%) than all other treatments. Corm growth rate increased from 50 DAFAI and the maximum value (0.32 and 0.34 g day^-1 plant^-1 in 56 and 78 DAFAI, respectively) obtained at combined treatment of FI × cow manure. Research limitations: Access to similar scientific references on the topic of research was a limitation. Originality/value: This study was the first research which specifically deals with the allocation of photo-assimilates in saffron and based on its findings, application of 3600 m³ ha^-1 water plus cow manure is an appropriate strategy in saffron cultivation during first growing season.

Abstract Purpose: Mango is known as one of the most important fruits for its delicious taste, flavor and high nutritional properties. However, due to the perishability and short shelf life of fruit, safe treatments are needed for increasing shelf life of fruit. This experiment carried out to elucidate effects of postharvest UV-C and calcium ascorbate (CaA) on quality of mango fruit during cold storage. Research method: After preparing ‘Langra’ mango fruits were irradiated for 5 min in 5 or 10 kj/m² UV-C or dipped for 5 min in 1.5% (CaA) or combination of calcium ascorbate and UV-C. Postharvest parameters including firmness, catalase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activities, total phenolic content and antioxidant activities, firmness, soluble solid concentrations, ascorbic acid and sensory parameters were evaluated throughout 21 days of storage at 12^◦C. Findings: At the end of shelf life, CaA alone (1.5%), UV-C alone ( 5 or10 kj m^‒2 ) or combination of UV-C with CaA maintained good firmness, increased catalase activity, phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity but decreased soluble solid concentrations compared with the control. Sensory parameters, such as texture, flavor, appearance and overall quality were kept acceptable for marketability with these treatments. Research limitations: No limitations were encountered. Originality/Value: Both UV-C and CaA showed potential for increasing marketability of mango with their generally recognized as safe status for consumers.

Abstract Purpose: Insect-insecticide interaction, as a dynamic system, increases our knowledge to improve chemical application. Although modes of action in the most insecticides is obvious (direct action) but the other targets which may be affected after treatment are not determined (indirect action). In this study digestive enzymes were considered as potential targets for insecticides. Research method: Some of (three sample) adults that were exposed to the different insecticide concentrations were selected for in vivo analysis. In this part, internal organs (midgut) were homogenates and enzyme activity was determined. On the other hand, in the in vitro assays, nontoxic adults were selected and after dissection of the guts, incubated to the different insecticide manually. Fifty microliters enzyme solution with 450 μl toxic solutions incubated 30 min in the room temperature before enzyme assay. Findings: Twenty hours after exposure to the insecticides, gut of adults were dissected and used for in vivo experiment. Our data showed that there was a significant difference in the enzyme activity among different concentrations of chlorpyriphos. The highest and lowest level of enzyme inhibitory was occurred in the 2000 and 0 ppm (control). There was no significant difference between control (0 ppm) and 300 ppm.  Data in the in vitro experiment showed that enzyme activity was reduced in the toxic concentrations. Trend of enzyme inhibiting that occurred with chlorpyriphos was regular as the highest and lowest inhibiting were observed in the maximum (99.2 %) and minimum concentrations (7.4 %), respectively. Limitations: There is a problem in which how to correlate in vivo and in vitro results to practical toxicology. Originality/Value: Using of new insecticides with new and widespread mode of action can be recommended against postharvest pest in the practical entomology.

Abstract Purpose: Tea plant (Camellia sinensis L., O.Kuntze) is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverage crops worldwide. Although tea is important in Iran’s economy, little is known about the pattern of genetic variation among the various tea genotypes grown in Iran. Research method: The relationship and the genetic diversity of 20 genotypes of the tea germplasm belonging to three regions were analyzed to provide guidance for the breeding of tea tree using 10 RAPD and 8 ISSR markers. Main findings: Polymorphism percent was 78.6 in RAPD and 68.06 in ISSR fingerprinting. The results of the PIC analysis were in the range of 2 0.44 to 0.49 and 0.34 to 0.50 for RAPD and ISSR respectively. From these results, it can be seen that these primers can detect genetic differences very well. The pairwise similarity coefficient between the genotypes varied from 0.37 to 0.68 for RAPD and from 0.59 to 0.96 for ISSR. The 20 tea genotypes from genetic resources were grouped into three main groups by UPGMA cluster analysis based on RAPD data, and to five main groups by UPGMA cluster analysis based on ISSR data. Both molecular analyses showed a high degree of variation among the genotypes. Limitations: Application of others molecular markers such as AFLP, SSR and (cpDNA investigation can help to found the genetic relationships of samples better. Originality/Value: The present study revealed that RAPD and ISSR methods could be successfully utilized to identify genetic diversity and relationship of tea group and this will provide valuable information to assist parental selection in current and future tea breeding programs.

Abstract Purpose: Study on the effects of extraction methods on the biological activities of Centella asiatica, including antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Research Method: The main components of C.asiatica include triterpenoid saponins, polyphenols, flavonoids, and other health-beneficial compounds found through phytochemical screening. Ethanol extraction is performed using three extraction methods: immersion extraction, ultrasonic extraction, and reflux. Centella asiatica extract was tested for polyphenol content, total flavonoids, total triterpenoid saponins, and the ability to scavenge the free radicals DPPH and ABTS. Findings: The reflux extraction method was more effective than the other extraction methods in extracting chemical components, yielding relatively higher polyphenol, total flavonoid, and total triterpenoid saponins contents. All three types of extracts have the ability to fight oxidation, protecting cells from harmful free radicals. The IC₅₀ value of pennywort extract in DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging tests ranged from 455.52 and 270.05 µg/mL (soaked) < 333.63 and 206.56 µg/mL (ultrasound) < 239.75 and 199.75 µg/mL (reflux). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the two bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli  was less than 2.188 mg/mL in all three methods. Research limitations: No limitations were encountered. Originality/Value: The development of extraction processes and evaluation of high quality extracts from gotu kola requires a combination of traditional methods and modern technology such as the use of advanced chemical and biological analytical techniques. This may create opportunities for the development of new technologies in the field of herbal extraction.

Abstract Purpose: This research was conducted to determine the in vitro antifungal effect of Aloe vera and cinnamon oil incorporated Aloe vera on stem-end rot pathogens isolated from Karthakolomban mango. Research method: Effect of Aloe vera gel was determined using a liquid bioassay against the selected pathogens. Same bioassay was conducted to determine the effect of combinations of Aloe vera gel + cinnamon leaf and bark oils. A minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum lethal (MLC) concentration for each pathogen was determined. Findings: Aloe vera at 10% v/v showed the best effect against Pestalotiopsis sp. and Phomopsis sp. whereas Lasiodiplodia theobromae was controlled at the highest percentage at 12.5% v/v concentration. The MLC of Aloe vera + cinnamon leaf oil and Aloe vera + cinnamon bark oil against Pestalotiopsis were identified as 10% + 0.50 µl/ mL and 10% + 0.60 µl/ mL respectively. The MLC against Phomopsis for Aloe vera + cinnamon leaf and Aloe vera + cinnamon bark oils were identified as 10% + 0.80 µl/ mL, and 10% + 0.50 µl/ mL, respectively. When considering L. theobromae, concentrations of 12.5% + 0.60 µl/ mL and 12.5% + 0.15 µl/ mL were identified as the MLC for Aloe vera + cinnamon leaf oil and Aloe vera + cinnamon bark oil respectively. Limitations: Aloe vera gel without cinnamon oils was unable to inhibit fungal growth completely. Originality/Value: This study reveals the potential of using cinnamon oil in combination with Aloe vera as a preservative treatment against stem-end rot pathogens of mango.

Abstract Purpose: Nowadays, the problem of water scarcity increased due to the increase of aridity, which enhances the use of non-conventional waters. The irrigation with treated wastewater was primarly developed. Research method: In the present research, we compared the quality of pomegranate fruits harvested from two ‘Gabsi’ orchards managed according to two different cultural practices such as: organic (O) and conventional irrigated with treated wastewater (WW). We determine the soil and fruit characteristics. Findings: Results showed that the organic soil was richer in Fe, Mn and Mg; however, irrigated with WW was richer in Cu, Zn, and Cd with the absence of Ag and Ni in both soils. The analysis of fruits demonstrated that organic ones were richer in Cu, Zn and Mn. Mg content was similar in both fruits. Hg, Ni, Cd, and Fe were not present in fruits. The BCF of Cu and Zn were higher in organic fruits, contrary to Mg. Furthermore, the highest values of the SSC/TA ratio were recorded in organic fruits with no pathogenic contamination for both fruits. Limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: This study illustrates the possibility of treating wastewater in the irrigation of pomegranates without adverse effects.

Abstract Purpose: The experiment was conducted to evaluate the optimal amounts of cow manure and fulvic acid and the interaction effects of inputs on the yield of saffron in the second growing season. Research methods: In this research, a factorial experiment based on Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 growing seasons, in the University of Birjand, Iran. Experimental factors included cow manure in four levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 t.ha^-1) and fulvic acid plus some micronutrients in three levels (0, 5, and 10 kg.ha^-1). Findings: The results in the second year showed that the effect of cow manure was significant on flower number per m² and total fresh flower yield and dry stigma yield so that the highest total fresh flower yield (32.081 g.m²) and dry stigma yield (0.325 g.m²) obtained in the treatment of 20 t.ha^-1 cow manure and the lowest amount of these traits observed in the control (no-fertilization). The application of 10 kg.ha^-1 fulvic acid led to the highest mean flower weight (0.512 g) and stigma yield (0.035 g.plant^-1). The results of interaction effects showed that simultaneous application of cow manure and fulvic acid had a significant effect on fresh flower yield and the highest amount of these traits (33.613 g.m²) obtained in the combined application of 20 t.ha^-1 cow manure and 10 kg.ha^-1 fulvic acid. In general, it seems that separate and simultaneous application of optimal amounts of cow manure and fulvic acid, while improving the reproductive characteristics and yield of saffron, can guarantee the healthy and sustainable production of this valuable medicinal. Research limitations:There was no significant limitation to the research. Originality/Value: This research evaluates the simultaneous application of eco-friendly inputs of cow manure and fulvic acid on reproductive characteristics and yield of saffron which has been less studied.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to formulate a new delivery system by the incorporation of Zataria multiflora. essential oil into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Research Method: SLN formulations were prepared following the high-pressure homogenization after starring and ultra-trax homogneization techniques. In this experiment, three SLNs formulations were prepared using three types of lipids. Lipids included glycerol monostearate lipid, precirol and stearic acid lipid. The SLNs were characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetery (DSC), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and particle size analysis. Findings: The results showed that particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential of the above formulations were about 255, 220, 486 nm, 0.369, 0.251, 0.296,-37.8, -17.6 -27.2 mV respectively. The results obtained from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that in all 3 formulations, particle size less than 200 nm were spherical. Thermal analysis by DSC, confirmed the presence of solid particles in the prepared SLNs. Also, the essential oil encapsulation percentage of Formulations 1, 2 and 3 were 85.3, 91.3 and 95.2% respectively. Stability studies of particle size and zeta in four months revealed that SLNs containing essential oils had relatively good stability. Research limitations: Limitations of SLNs are: Lipid particle growth, Unpredictable gelation tendency. Originality/Value: Due to the chemical structures of essential oils, EOs can be easily degraded after exposure to humidity, heat, oxygen, light, owing to chemical and enzymatic reactions. To overcome the drawbacks of EOs, several researchers have suggested the encapsulation of these active ingredients into nanocarriers. The results of the present research revealed that SLNs composed of glycerin monostearate lipids, precirol and stearic acid, were good carriers for Z. multiflora essential oil.

Abstract Purpose: The present research was done to evaluate the responses of ‘Yusef Khani’ (Y) and ‘Malas-e-Yazdi’ (M) Iranian pomegranates to salt stress under field conditions. Research method: Treatments included different salinized water (EC=1.05 as control, 4.61 and 7.46 dS m^–1) and two commercially Iranian pomegranate varieties. Main findings: Interaction of salinity × variety showed the lowest chlorophyll (chl) and potassium (K) level, and the highest chloride (Cl) and sodium (Na) in M variety, under high level of salinity. Although the lowest non-photochemical quenching, and effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in PSII observed in this variety under 7.46 dS m^–1, however, basal quantum yield of non-photochemical processes in PSII increased. Accumulation of Na and Cl in leaf tissue increased with increasing salinity in both varieties. Moreover, lower accumulation of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) observed in both varieties. More Na and Cl was obtained within leaves of M variety, compared with other one. We found that there were some differences between these varieties and ‘Yousef Khani’ was more tolerant to salinity compared with ‘Malas-e-Yazdi’. Limitations: It might be better to evaluate several varieties for salinity resistance, however, it was impossible to us. Originality/Value: Iran is the main source of genetic variability for pomegranate. There is a huge diversity within pomegranate germplasm that should be studied for salinity and drought resistance. Thus, here we conducted a research to find a salt resistant pomegranate. 

Abstract Purpose: The objective of this study was to establish equations to estimate leaf area (LA) using length (L), width (W), fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW), length × width (L×W), width/length (W/L) of cress leaves as a leafy vegetable and radish  leaves as a root vegetable. Research method: An experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions to study the relationship between leaf dimension and weight with LA of these two vegetable plants. Observed LA was obtained by an automatic measuring device and leaf dimensions were measured by a ruler. Regression analyses of LA versus L, W, FW, DW, L×W and W/L led several models that could be used for estimating the area of individual cress and radish leaves. Findings: A linear model employing FW as an independent variable [LA=0.295 (Fresh W.)+ 1.430] resulted the most accurate estimate (R² = 0.912, RMSE = 1.52) of cress LA. For radish, a linear model using W as an independent variable [LA=22.50 (W) + 7.46] showed the most accuracy (R² = 0.874, RMSE = 11.26) for estimating LA. Validation of the regression models showed that the correlation between measured and simulated values using these equations was quite acceptable for radish and cress (R² = 0.922, 0.876), respectively. Research limitations: Evaluation of more leafy vegetables possibly had better results. Originality/Value: The results showed that cress and radish LA could be monitored quickly, accurately, and non-destructively by using the leaf FW and leaf W models, respectively.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ambient temperature storage condition (27-29°C) and domestic cooking on contents of carotenoids, chlorophylls, vitamins and minerals in the leaves of Gnetum africanum.  Research method: Carotenoids were separated and analyzed by HPLC. Total-carotene content, vitamins and minerals were assessed spectrophotometrically. Main findings: Results indicated that G. africanumwas rich in lutein (528.87 µg g^-1 (dry weight basis) and total β-carotene (248.10 µg g^-1). There was no statistical increase in total β-carotene content due to cooking, but there was a decrease due to storage. Total β-carotene isomerized more during thermal processing than in storage. Cooking decreased (p>0.05) the contents of chlorophylls, water soluble vitamins and minerals. Cooking and storage of G. africanum resulted in significant losses in ascorbic acid, riboflavin and niacin. Cooking also reduced the potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Iron contents of cooked and stored samples were higher than that of the raw sample. Research limitations: We had to travel over 600 km to use facilities for carotenoid analysis. Originality/value: The concentrations of lutein, β-carotene and certain micronutrients in G. africanumare much higher than typical contents in conventional edible leafy vegetables. The results of this study therefore provide evidence that G. africanum leaf could be an important contributor for improving the nutritional status of rural and urban people.

Abstract Purpose: Button mushroom has short postharvest life due to high respiration rate, fast browning and high transpiration rate. Calcium is regarded as a suitable material in order to preserve the quality and increase the postharvest life of button mushroom, but, in the research conducted on the edible mushrooms, usually calcium chloride has been used as a calcium source. However, calcium chloride is of a negative effect on the taste of products and finding a suitable alternative is highly significant. In this study, the impact of other calcium sources has been studied in relation to the increased shelf-life of button mushroom in comparison to calcium chloride. Research method: Mushrooms were treated in calcium chloride, calcium lactate and calcium nitrate (Ca concentration equivalent to 0.5% calcium chloride) for 5 min and then were dried at room temperature and packed in polyethylene containers using cellophane film. The packed mushrooms were stored at 4°C and estimated during the cold storage up to the 14 days. Findings: Results indicated that all three calcium treatments led to the reduction of browning in mushrooms by reducing polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity as compared to the control, and also, treated mushrooms had higher firmness value and calcium content but lower phenol content. In addition, desired indices, the calcium lactate treatment was better than two other treatments in maintaining mushrooms quality during the cold storage. Research limitations: No limitations were encountered. Originality/Value: calcium lactate can be an appropriate alternative for calcium chloride treatment in terms of increased shelf-life of button mushrooms.

Abstract Purpose: Pretreatments of ethanol and chitosan immersion were examined for their potential to maintain physiochemical attributes of fresh cut pumpkin. Research method: Fresh cut pumpkin cubes were dipped into different ethanol solutions (20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) or chitosan concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%). All samples were stored for 15 days at 10°C. Main findings: Among four concentrations being applied, the 30% ethanol sample (ET 30) sustained the highest sensory quality until the final day and effectively retained fruit firmness, total soluble solids, total phenolic content compared to the 20% ethanol treatment (ET 20) stored at the same condition. Chitosan application retained better content of carotenoid, phenolic compounds, firmness, and reduced weight loss compared to non – chitosan treatment but there was no significant difference among concentrations. As a result, overall quality index of the coated samples surpassed control ones, especially 1% chitosan. The coating did not affect total soluble solids and antioxidant capacity. Limitations: The investigations of antioxidant and cell wall degrading enzymes were absent to support for the study’s results. Originality/Value: The combination of 30% ethanol and 1% chitosan suggested a possible application in practical context as it outperformed in maintaining the quality and prolonging storage time of the product up to 15 days at 10⁰C.  

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to valorize the grape genotypes in the oasis of Tozeur, Tunisia, by exploring their salinity tolerance. Research method: The principal genotypes: Arbi, Chetoui, Guelb Sardouk, Kahla, Sfaxi and Muscat d’Italie were subject to two salt treatments: a gradual stress by adding 25 mM NaCl every week until the final doses of 75,100 and 150 mM NaCl and a shock by applying 50 and 100 mM NaCl from the treatment onset. The shoot length and the number of leaves were monitored during salt treatments.  Findings: The first mortalities were registered at the 3^rd week for Sfaxi under gradual stress conditions, Guelb Sardouk, and Kahla under salt shock. The effects of 75 mM NaCl gradually added were expressed only by the decline of leaves number for the genotypes Chetoui, Kahla, and Sfaxi, while those of low salt shock (50 mM NaCl) were manifested by plant height and leaves number reductions. Salinity damages were aggravated by increasing the salinity. Another response was observed for the studied genotypes: they kept their vegetative apparatus almost unaffected to preserve the photosynthetic capacity. Research limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: The adverse effects of salinity were more relevant at the end of the stress particularly under the high salt dose (150 mM NaCl). The salinity of irrigation water for our grape genotypes shouldn’t reach 150 mM NaCl. The genotype Arbi was the most tolerant genotype while Kahla was the most sensitive to salinity.