Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research

Abstract Purpose: Identification of pomegranate cultivars with higher tolerance to salinity stress was the purpose of the current study. Research Method: One-year-old rooted cuttings of the pomegranate cultivars including 'Malase Saveh' ('M-Saveh'), 'Malase Isfahan' ('M-Isfahan'), 'Robabe Ghermeze Shiraz' ('Robab'), 'Gabrie Yazd' ('G-Yazd'), Gabrie Torshe Yazd' ('GT-Yazd'), 'Zaghe Sefide Yazd' ('ZS-Yazd'), 'Zaghe Torshe Yazd' ('ZT-Yazd') and 'Malase Torshe Pishva' ('M-Pishva') were cultured in plastic pots and treated with different concentrations of sodium chloride in irrigation water including 0 (control), 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS m^-1. Findings: At 12 dS m^-1salinity level, the lowest decrease in plant height was observed in 'Robab', and 'M-Pishva' and the lowest decrease in the plant diameter was recorded in 'ZT-Yazd' and 'G-Yazd'. At the same salinity level, 'GT-Yazd' showed the lowest percentage of increase in electrolyte leakage (EL) compared to the control (23%). The highest increase in proline content was observed at 9 dS m^-1 salinity for 'ZS-Yazd' and at 12 dS m^-1 salinity for 'GT-Yazd'. At high salinity levels, leaf chlorophyll content decreased in pomegranate cultivars compared to the control. The activity of peroxidase enzyme in 'M- Pishva', ZT-Yazd' and 'GT-Yazd' followed an increasing and then decreasing with increasing salinity levels. The activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme was highest in 'G-Yazd', 'M-Isfahan' and 'Robab'. Limitations: Investigation of salinity tolerance in pots is one of the limitations of this study. Originality/Value: Yazd cultivars including 'G-Yazd', 'GT-Yazd', 'ZS-Yazd' and 'ZT-Yazd' were more tolerant to salinity stress.

Abstract Purpose: One of the problems in today's world is the pollution of the environment with heavy metals, which extraction of metals from mines, industrial and agricultural activities have caused significant pollution of soils and waters to metals. Research method: Fulvic acid at 15, 30, and 60 L ha-1 and zeolites at 1000, 2000, and 4000 kg ha-1 have formed the treatments, and the cadmium content was added to the region. The absorbance of cadmium, zinc, and nitrogen elements, as well as the dry weight of aerial organs and root of Spinacia oleracea var. inermis, was investigated. Findings: The application of fulvic acid and zeolite resulted in higher absorption of the elements and higher biomass weight compared to the control. In this case, fulvic acid at 30 L ha-1 and zeolite at 4000 kg ha-1had the best results own, and the accumulated amounts of cadmium and zinc in the root of the Spinach were higher than that of the aerial organs. Due to its acidic nature, fulvic acid caused higher mobility of elements than zeolite. Also, the application of the treatments caused better vegetative growth of the plant and moderation of the effects of stress. Limitations: There was no restriction on conducting this research. Originality/Value: Based on the results, the use of fulvic acid and zeolite can significantly increase the absorption of cadmium toxic metal from the organs of the Spinach plant and help the further release of this element from the soil.

Abstract Purpose: Spoilage flora is critical in vegetal ready to eat (RTE) product shelf-life and selecting efficient spoilage control technologies depends on the microorganisms present. This manuscript describes the evolution of the bacteriome of Batavia RTE lettuce, from fresh lettuce up to completely spoiled (day 14) and correlate these results with the sensorial characteristics.  Research Method: The microbiome of vegetal RTE were examined using culture-dependent and culture-independent (16S rRNA metabarcoding) methods. Culture-dependent methods were related with the metagenomic results and sensory analysis to describe the evolution during spoilage and shelf-life. Findings: Our results demonstrated that the RTE lettuce bacteriome during spoilage is dominated by Gram-negative bacteria, mainly Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas. A bacterial population of 22 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) represent up to 96% of total bacterial reads and is maintained during the spoilage, representing the bacterial core of RTE lettuce. A high correlation was detected between culture-independent and culture-dependent results, both in general and selective culture media. Sensorial analysis of lettuce demonstrated that "odor" was the key parameter to determine the sensorial spoilage time and is related to total microbial load and to high concentrations of spoilage-related bacterial genera. Limitations: Hereby presented results are limited by the lettuce variety and by the storage conditions (MAP, 6°C, up to 14 days). Originality/Value: This paper describes an overview of the microbial and sensory evolution during spoilage of Batavia lettuce under MAP. A combination of culture-dependent and independent methods and sensorial analysis were used up to 14 days of storage.

Abstract Purpose: Transformation of pumpkin flesh and seeds into dry flours increases their shelf stability and versatility. This study sought to optimise drying conditions for production of flour with high nutritional and nutraceutical value from flesh and seeds of C. pepo L var. fastigata using Response Surface Methodology, I optimal design. Research Method: Pumpkin flesh and seeds were dried following temperature time combinations got using I optimal design. All dry samples were tested for ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, total antioxidant capacity and starch digestibility. Seeds were also tested for in vitro protein digestibility, trypsin inhibitor activity, alpha tocopherol, beta tocopherol, and alpha tocotrienol. Findings: The predicted optimum drying conditions for production of C. pepo L var. fastigata flour with maximum nutritional quality and bioactivity were 57°C; 6.9 hours for flesh and 60°C; 3.15 hours for seeds. The most influential model terms were temperature for resistant starch, in vitro protein digestibility, trypsin inhibitor activity, total carotenoids, alpha tocopherol, beta tocopherol and alpha tocotrienol; quadratic term of temperature and time for ascorbic acid; and drying time for total antioxidant activity of the flesh and temperature for antioxidant activity for seeds. Research limitations: Dryer air flow rate was not included as a variable. Originality/Value: Results give, for the first time, an objective basis for choice of the drying conditions C. pepo L var. fastigata flesh and seeds for maximum nutritional and health benefits.

Abstract Purpose: The Apiaceae family (Umbelliferae) is one of the largest families of flowering plants. The genus Anthriscus of this family is considered of high importance because of its use in folk medicines and flavoring throughout the world. Three species of this genus are represented in the Flora of Iran. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the essential oil composition, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Anthriscus cerefolium and Anthriscus sylvestris. Research Method: The essential oil samples were isolated by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed using GC and GC–MS methods. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were determined by DPPH scavenging assay and Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. Findings: Oxygenated monoterpenes constituted the principal fraction of essential oils obtained from A. cerefolium (rich in estragole), while aliphatic esters were detected to be the main class of compounds isolated from A. sylvestris (rich in chrysanthenyl acetate). Among the essential oils and methanolic extracts from two Anthriscus species at vegetative stage the highest antioxidant activity was observed for essential oil of A. sylvestris (IC50=71.3 μg.ml^-1) followed by essential oil of A. cerefolium (IC50=115 μg.ml^-1). In addition, the amounts of total phenolic contents of A. cerefolium and A. sylvestris methanolic extracts at full flowering stage (76.7 and 74.6 mg GAE.L^-1) were determined. Other important group of compounds and their biological properties needs to be studied in Anthriscus species due to their potential pharmacological and food industry value. Research limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: Since the essential oil of A. sylvestris at vegetative stage demonstrated the noticeable antioxidant ability which makes it well qualified to be used as natural ingredients to synthetic antioxidants in food industry.

Abstract Purpose: The study was conducted to evaluate the infestation and tolerance of Callosobruchus maculatus to stored cowpea treated with Anchomanes difformis extracts. Research Method: Different concentrations of A. difformis extracts were admixed with 20g of uninfested cowpea seeds in 250ml plastic dishes. Ten unsexed adult C. maculatus were released into each treatment and toxicity was assessed at 24 hrs interval days after infestation, number of eggs laid on cowpea seeds was counted. At the end of the experiment, seeds were reweighed, number of emerged adult and damaged seeds were recorded. Findings: All extracts were significantly toxic to C. maculatus as concentration increased. Ethyl acetate (EA) extract exerted highest mortality ranged 90-100%, while methanol recorded highest longevity. Maximum reduction in egg laid was observed with EA extract (51.44-74.45%), followed by methanol extract at 100 (58.69%) and 150 µl (69.56%). While maximum adult emergence inhibition was observed at 150 µl (93.33%) with EA. Cowpea seeds in control dishes suffered the heaviest infestation (31.76%) compared to EA and acetone extracts that recorded zero infestation at 100 and 150 µl concentration respectively. Susceptibility of cowpea seeds treated with extracts was significantly lower compared to control with 100%infestation.Limitations: No hindrances was encountered during the study. Originality/Value: The study revealed that A. difformis possesses oviposition deterrent and adult emergence inhibition properties against C. maculatus that can be utilize for the management of C. maculatus in stored cowpea seeds. Further studies are recommended for exploring the active compound responsible for its insecticidal activities and toxicological effect using albino rats as a model.

Abstract Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the chemical, physicochemical, and antibacterial properties of Agaricus bisporus collected from the Zarnagh region (province of East Azerbaijan, northwestern Iran), to enhance health quality, and economic exploitation in pharmaceutics, food, and agriculture industries. The methanol extracts of Agaricus bisporus mushroom (maceration extraction method), was screened for chemicals properties. Research Method: All chemicals were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Fruiting bodies of wild edible mushrooms (A. bisporus) were collected from the Z. region. The methanolic extracts were evaluated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to the ultraviolet detector analysis. The antibacterial activities were carried out by using three bacteria. Findings: The results of chemical and nutritional factors include crude protein (46.62 ± 0.19 g/100g), crude fat (10.59 ± 0.13 g/100g), fiber (17.76 ± 0.32 g/100g), carbohydrate (1.56 ± 0.27 g/100g) and total energy (288.3 ± 2.61 Kcal). Potassium, iron, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and copper in considerable quantities were found in the wild edible mushroom from the Z. region. The eight compounds were identified in the crude methanolic extract by GC-MS analysis. Rutin, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol identified by HPLC-UV analysis. The highest inhibitory activity was noticed against E. coli (PTCC 1399) with 22±0.2 mm (diameter of inhibition zone) for methanol extract. Limitations: There was no significant limitation to the report. Originality/Value: Briefly, there is no much information about the chemical profile of wild mushrooms of Iran, and this work is the first study on the chemical and antibacterial properties of Agaricus bisporus mushrooms.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the most appropriate harvesting time and to evaluate the storage period of some new quince cultivar and the promising genotype. Research method: The fruits of ‘Isfahan’ and ‘Behta’ cultivars along with NB4 promising genotype were harvested on 6^th, 14^th, and 21^st October from Isfahan Agricultural Research Station, Iran. The fruits were transferred to the storage and placed at a temperature of 0±1°C and relative humidity of 90±5%. Traits were evaluated at harvesting time and also at one-month intervals for five months after storage using a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design. Main findings: The highest percentage of total soluble solids (TSS) was obtained in the third harvesting time and after five months of storage for ‘Isfahan’. The highest firmness was obtained at the first harvesting time without storage for ‘Behta’. ‘Isfahan’ at the time of the second and third harvest showed the highest total phenol content and ‘Behta’ at the first harvest and five months after storage showed the lowest value of this trait. The most weight loss was observed in ‘Isfahan’ in the third harvest and the fifth month of storage. Experimental treatments had no effect on pectin content. The highest surface browning was observed in the third harvest and the fifth month of storage. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: The best harvest time for ‘Isfahan’, ‘Behta’, and NB4 was similarly 193 days after flowering. As well as storage of these fruits for four months is recommended.

Abstract Purpose: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in quality of minimally processed litchi fruit during storage at low temperatures (5-7°C). Research method: The study attempts to report the efficacies of seven different anti-browning compounds at various concentrations namely methionine (0.1%), cysteine (0.1%), EDTA (0.1%), oxaloacetic acid (1%), ascorbic acid (1%), citric acid (1%), and potassium metabisulfite (0.5%) on quality and shelf-life extension of minimally processed litchi aril. Treated litchi aril kept in trays wrapped with plastic film and stored under refrigerated conditions. Changes in total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, sensory attributes, colour, weight loss, microbial and activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzymes were evaluated. Findings: Treatments reduce the weight loss and sensory attributes with higher contents of TSS, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total phenolics and suppressed the increase in activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. Therefore, a postharvest dip of peeled litchi into solutions of chemical preservatives could be suggested to maintain the postharvest quality under refrigeration storage. Treated litchi arils were acceptable (sensory score >7) up to 8 days as compared to 3 days for the control samples during refrigerated storage. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: Further, 1% ascorbic acid and 1% citric acid were recorded to be the best to preserve the quality of minimally processed ‘Mujaffarpur’ litchi during refrigeration storage.

Abstract Purpose: The study was conducted to evaluate growth, physiological, morphological and yield response of gem squash plants following soil drench application of different plant extracts. Research method: A pot experiment conducted in the glasshouse was laid out following complete randomized design (CRD), with five replications. Thirty healthy, similar-sized gem squash plants were grown and treated with different treatments (plant extracts). Treatments included: Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE), aloe vera leaf extract (ALvE), garlic bulb extract (GBE), ginger rhizome extract (GRE), moringa leaf extract (MLE) and the control (no application). Findings: The soil drench application of plant extracts, especially ANE and MLE, had the best growth response of gem squash plants compared with other treatments and the control. Plants treated with ANE and MLE produced a greater number of leaves and branches and simultaneously produced broader leaf area compared to other plant extracts and the control. ANE-treated plants produced the highest leaf chlorophyll concentration, followed by ALvE and MLE. All plant extracts, ANE, MLE, ALvE and GBE, significantly increased the total dry biomass, except GRE was not significantly different from the control. The yield parameters, viz. total fruit yield, fruit mass and fruit diameter, were positively affected by all treatments applied, although ANE- and MLE-treated plants yielded the largest number of fruit/plants, heaviest fruit and biggest fruit compared to other treatments. Research limitations: There were no limitations identified. Originality/Value: Although further studies on plant extracts usage are still required, this study highlight the potential of plant extracts, especially ANE and MLE, as a natural biostimulants to improve growth and yield attributes of gem squash has been demonstrated.

Abstract Purpose: Using plant growth regulators (PGR) and nutrients in a standard way can help plants grow better. That's why we did this experiment to see how PGR and NPK fertilizer affected the growth, yield, and quality of baby corn. Research method: The split plot experiment employed plant growth regulator in the main plot and NPK fertilizer in the subplot. The test had four different PGRs: control (P₁), mepiquat chloride 200 ppm (P₂), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) 40 ppm (P₃), and gibberellic acid (GA₃) 100 ppm (P₄). It also had four different NPK (Urea-TSP-MoP) fertilizer levels: 150-90-75 (F₁), 180-105-90 (F₂), 210-120-105 (F₃), and 240-135-120 (F₄) kg ha^-1. Findings: From the results, the interaction effect showed that P₄ in combination with F₄ produced the highest yield parameters, including cob length with husk (23.11 cm), diameter with husk (3.46 cm), diameter without husk (2.95 cm), weight without husk (55.29 g), cob plant^-1 (3.67), and yield without husk (4.41 t ha^-1). The maximum starch (8.15%) was achieved when P₂ was combined with F₄, while the maximum protein (5.56%) was gained when P₂ was combined with F₃. Research limitations: The experiment is conducted in a single season and single location, hence multilocation and multi-years’ trial should be conducted before recommending these results to the farmers. Originality/Value: Based on the results it can be conclude that spraying GA3 100 ppm along with NPK fertilizer (240–135–120 kg ha^-1) is thought to be a good way to improve baby corn growth, yield, and quality.

Abstract Purpose: This work was carried out to investigate the effect of moisture content on the engineering properties of African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) seeds. Research method: Physical and mechanical properties of African Yam Bean seeds were evaluated. The physical and mechanical properties were evaluated at five moisture content levels of 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24% dry basis (d.b). Findings: From the physical properties, the average length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter and equivalent diameter were found to increase significantly (P≤0.05) with an increase in moisture content. The surface areas, volume, sphericity, aspect ratio, flakiness ratio, porosity, static angle of repose, dynamic angle of repose and static coefficient of friction of the seeds were also found to increase significantly (P≤0.05) with increasing seed moisture content. The mean results of seed densities showed a decrease in bulk density (0.840±0.045 to 0.806±0.074 g/cm³) and true density (1.268±0.083 to 1.238±0.079 g/cm³) with the increase in seed moisture content from 8% to 24 % (d.b). From the mechanical properties, the mean force, deformation, strain and energy for African yam bean seeds decreased significantly (P≤0.05) with the increase in moisture content. The mechanical properties evaluated showed a decrease in the force at peak (176.564±20.137 to 104.860±9.814 N), force at yield (168.548±24.049 to 84.694±53.464 N) and force at break (172.880±19.506 to 96.986±14.536 N) with the increase in seed moisture content from 8% to 24 % (d.b). Research limitations: No limitation to the report, yet, the study cannot claim to have exhausted all factors that influence engineering properties of African Yam Seed; thus, effects of other factors such as accessions, varieties, cultivars and species is recommended for further studies. Originality/Value: The results provide relevant data on efficient process handling and equipment design of the seeds to the engineers and designers.

Abstract Purpose: The application of natural organic compounds without harmful environmental effects in the production of horticultural and agricultural products is considered as a new method to reduce waste before and after harvesting, increase the storage life and maintain antioxidant activity in developed agriculture. As regards, this study investigated the impact of foliar applications of brown macroalga extract on antioxidant enzyme activity and mineral uptake in 'Hayward' kiwifruits. Research method: Four treatment levels of brown macroalga extract (0, 1, 2, and 3 g/L) were applied at three distinct phases, occurring 110, 125, and 140 days after full bloom. Fruit samples were stored at 1±0.5°C with 95% relative humidity for 90 days, with measurements taken every 30 days. Findings: Results revealed that the 3 g/L extract treatment significantly increased the uptake of calcium (47.82 %), nitrogen (20.52 %), potassium (12.06 %), phosphorus (19.81 %), and iron (25.77 %) compared to the control. The extract demonstrated a substantial effect on all recorded traits. Among the applied treatments, 3 g/L of brown macroalga extract concentration had the best effect in reducing electrolyte leakage (25.10%), malondialdehyde accumulation (96.73%), hydrogen peroxide content (54.54%) and increasing activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (50.42%), catalase (84.90%), ascorbate peroxidase (79.02%), and peroxidase (49.40%) compared to the control in 90 days of storage. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: The results suggest that the 3 g/L brown macroalga extract concentration holds promise for enhancing the quality of 'Hayward' kiwifruits.

Abstract Purpose: To address postharvest losses in the carrot supply chain caused by pathogenic fungi, this study evaluates the antifungal potential of ethanol extracts from Allium cepa, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, and Moringa oleifera against carrot spoilage fungi, including Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium solani. Research Method: Filtered plant extracts were obtained using ethanol extraction method. This study evaluated the efficacy of various plant extracts in reducing microbial load and inhibiting fungal growth on carrot roots using standard microbiological procedures, including agar well diffusion and broth microdilution techniques. Findings: The study demonstrated that ethanol extracts, particularly from ginger, significantly (p < 0.05) reduced fungal load on carrot roots. The inhibition zone analysis revealed that ginger and Moringa extracts, along with ketoconazole, effectively inhibited A. niger and A. fumigatus, with ketoconazole producing the largest inhibition zones. Ginger showed the highest antifungal effectiveness, with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 31.25 mg/ml to 250 mg/ml, particularly against A. niger and A. fumigatus, demonstrating higher antifungal activity compared to other treatments. Garlic consistently exhibited an MIC of 250 mg/ml against all test fungi. Additionally, the minimum fungicidal concentration results highlighted ginger extract’s potent biocidal effects, especially against A. flavus, with an MIC of 62.5 mg/ml. Research limitations: The study is limited to in vitro assessments; field conditions may affect the efficacy of the extracts due to environmental factors. Originality/Value: This research highlights ginger’s potential as a natural antifungal agent, offering practical applications for improving carrot preservation and reducing postharvest losses.

Abstract Purpose: Apple fruit widely suffers from different damages every year including post-harvest diseases such as blue mold (caused by Penicillium expansum). Recent studies have shown the role of hormones in different signaling pathways after a pathogen attack. Hormones may trigger different the expression of genes involved in the resistance mechanism and thus activating the immune system in plants. Findings: qRT-PCR results showed an increase in the expression of PR5, ERF1 and CHIB genes after treatment with BABA in both Golden Delicious and Fuji cultivars. ACC treatment also significantly increased the expression of ERF1 and CHIB genes after challenged with fungal spores. The expression of PR5 and ERF1 was relatively very similar in both cultivars after treatment with BABA and ACC, respectively. In contrast, the expression of CHIB was different in two cultivars, thus showing a 4 times higher expression in Golden delicious in compared to Fuji. Originality/Value: Using of new insecticides with new and widespread mode of action can be recommended against postharvest pest in the practical entomology. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/value: The results of this study can be important in breeding studies and to select genes involved in the resistance mechanism. In addition, hormones with a positive impact to provide resistance to fungal diseases can be considered as a possible alternative to fungicides.

Abstract Purpose: Managing postharvest losses to extend shelf life and cut down on waste is of paramount importance nowadays, especially when resources are scarce. Extracts from the leaves of the cannonball tree and electrolyzed oxidizing water were employed to improve postharvest handling procedures. Research method: The experiment consisted of cannonball tree leaf extracts (5 ml/L, 10 ml/L, 15 ml/L, 20 ml/L) and two pH levels of electrolyzed oxidizing water (pH 3, pH 5). Tomato treated with distilled water was considered as a control. The experiment was conducted as a Completely Randomized Design under a factorial arrangement with three replications. Findings:  Cannonball tree leaf extracts (10 ml/L) significantly retained acceptable fruit color, firmness, high level of titratable acidity, flavonoid, carotenoid, anthocyanin, vitamin C, IC₅₀ and prolonged shelf life by more than three days over other treatment combinations. Compared to untreated fruit, treated fruit decayed at a slower rate (30.7 0.4%) and lost less weight (35.4 0.7%). Additionally, electrolyzed oxidizing water (pH 5) significantly outperformed alternative postharvest management techniques to lower postharvest losses, IC₅₀ (121.6 2.1 mg/Kg) activity, enhancing titratable acidity and vitamin C content, and other physico-chemical attributes and thereby increasing tomato shelf life by more than two days. Research limitations: No limitations were encountered. Originality/Value: Electrolyzed oxidizing water (pH 5) or cannonball tree leaf extract (10 ml/L) appears to be the most promising sustainable solution for reducing postharvest tomato losses.

Abstract Purpose: Apples are susceptible to several diseases, which makes marketing and storage challenging. Therefore, it is critical to develop strategies that minimize weight loss while maintaining quality. Research method: Golden Delicious apples were coated with an edible mixture of Aloe vera gel (ALV) with or without Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZMO). Subsequently, the effects of these coatings on disease severity and incidence of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum, as well as storage quality features, were assessed. Inoculated apples with B. cinerea or P. expansum, the causative agents of apple postharvest gray and blue molds, were covered and stored at 25°C for 10 days and 2°C for 120 days. Findings: The antifungal ALV gel coatings significantly reduced the severity of gray and blue molds on inoculated apples, with the 150 μL L^-1 of ZMO-based coating showing the highest effectiveness. The ALV+ZMO coatings had the best results, exhibiting a lower decay index, and increased firmness, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity in the coated apples. The highest ripening index was observed in the control samples, which ranged from the initial value of 37.0 to 54.7 by the end of the storage period. Meanwhile, ALV alone was the most effective at decreasing weight loss. Research limitations: Thyme essential oil (EO) has limitations when used directly, inculding its strong odor and flavor, low stability, low water solubility, and high volatility. Originality/Value: Overall, ALV and ZMO edible coatings appear to be a viable solution for suppressing fungal infections while maintaining apple quality under both situations.

Abstract Purpose: Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) is a highly nutritious fruit widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, valued for its rich nutritional and medicinal properties. Despite its economic importance, limited research exists on the comparative floral biology, physicochemical characteristics, and post-harvest shelf life of different ber cultivars Bangladesh. Research Method: Four ber cultivars (Apple Kul, Khurma Kul, BARI Kul 5, and Gutti Kul 2) were assessed for their floral biology, physicochemical characteristics, and shelf life in 2023. Floral data, including flowering duration, male-to-female flower ratio, and fruit set per axil, were collected using randomized full block design with three replications. Physicochemical properties were measured using standardized laboratory methods such as ash, carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, and minerals. Findings: First flowering was recorded on September in Khurma Kul and Gutti Kul, with flowering durations ranging from 51 to 60 days. The male-to-female ratio was highest in Apple Kul (10.67), while BARI Kul 5 had more fruit sets per axil. Apple Kul and BARI Kul 5 exhibited the highest levels of ash (0.5-0.65%), carbohydrates (9.39-14.34%), total soluble solids (12.76-17.51 °Brix), and total sugars. Gutti Kul 2 had the highest vitamin C content (75.65 mg/100 g). The shelf-life evaluation revealed that Khurma Kul and Gutti Kul 2 retained their marketability the longest, while Apple Kul and BARI Kul 5 showed reduced longevity despite their superior nutrient profiles. Research Limitations: This study analyzed only four cultivars. Originality/Value: The study highlights that Apple Kul and BARI Kul 5 are promising for nutrition, while Khurma Kul and Gutti Kul 2 excel in shelf life. These findings suggest cultivar-specific strategies for ber cultivation and commercialization.

Abstract Purpose: Seed germination and seedling growth are recognized as the most sensitive stages of salinity for the majority of plant species. This experiment aimed to characterize the impact of various salinity levels on selected ornamental plants from the Asteraceae family including Gazannia splendens, Rudbeckia hirta, Ageratum houstonianum, Gaillardia aristata, and Coreopsis grandiflora during the seed germination stage. Research method: Five independent experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD), comprising seven treatments with different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 mM) in four replications using Petrie plates. Findings: The salinity of 120 mM significantly reduced the seed germination percentage in G. splendens, G. aristata, and C. grandiflora, compared to the other species. A. houstanianum exhibited a stimulating effect on seed germination percentage with salinity levels ranging from 20 mM to 80 mM. Salinity stress at a concentration of 120 mM had negatively affected vegetative traits in A. houstonianum, R. hirta, G. aristata, and C. grandiflora, inhibiting the growth of plumule in A. houstonianum and C. grandiflora. However, traits like plumule length and seedling length in G. splendens remained unaffected by salinity. Research limitations: No limitations were identified. Originality/Value: Results demonstrate varied responses of ornamental plants to different salinity levels. R. hirta exhibited superior performance in seed germination and early seedling stages compared to other plants.

Abstract Purpose: With an increasing interest in closing the mechanized harvesting loop in citrus farming, harvesting tools could be reliable options for citrus harvesting. However, from performance investigation and post-harvest storability perspectives, not much has been reported in the area of manual harvesting tools for mandarin picking in Nepal. This study assessed the performance of different available models of manual fruit harvester based on harvesting output, operational features, post-harvest physio-chemical attributes and shelf life assessment of the mandarin fruits stored under ordinary room condition for 26 days. Research method: Six harvesting treatments were investigated as follows: a) Farmer practice-hand picking (FP_ground), b) Ladder climbing (FP_ladder), c) Secateur + ladder climb (SE_ladder), d) Cut and hold type picking shears (CH), e) Long reach finger type fruit picker (LRF), f) Fruit picker with basket and cushion (PHB). Findings: The harvesting capacity of FP_ground, FP_ladder, SE_ladder, LRF, CH and PHB treatments were 60.6±2.26, 33.43±3.13, 24.25±2.25, 43.85±6.34, 61.30±9.28 and 49.13±2.61 kg/hr, respectively. The harvesting output of CH, LRF and PHB type harvester was 39.15% (779 nos/hr), 15.78% (648 nos/hr) and 30.21% (729 nos/hr) higher than FP_ladder practice (560 nos/hr) and that of SE_ladder method was 15.62% (442 nos/hr) lower than FP_ladder. Based on storability characteristics, SE and CH found effective in prolonging the average shelf life and maintaining the quality of mandarin compared to FP and PHB. The short pedicle on the fruit in SE, CH and LRF treatment help to control and retard the sap oozing, weight loss and lateral infection that retain the fruit firmness, and minimize the fruit damage and decay loss. Research limitations: Further investigation on storability behavior in controlled storage condition is suggested. Originality/Value: Hand held secateur and cut and hold type harvester are suitable tools for picking fruit and abating post-harvest loss of mandarin fruit along the horticultural value chain.

Abstract Purpose: In Bangladesh,mango fruit supply is limited in the local market as well as for export due to its short self-life and susceptibility to post-harvest diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of CaCl₂ in hot water on organoleptic and biochemical characteristics of mango fruits for extension of shelf-life. Research Method: Mangoes were treated with different concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 %) of CaCl₂ in hot water (50°C) for 10 min and kept at 25±2°C over 12 days. Each treatment included 20 mangoes with three replications. The physiological changes were observed and biochemical characteristics of mango fruits were analyzed. Findings: Better skin color and aroma were observed at 0.5~4.0% CaCl₂ and no fungal infection was found at 3~5% CaCl₂ as compared with untreated control whereas taste and texture of mangoes increased significantly with the increasing concentration of CaCl₂. The shelf life of treated mangoes increased 2~3 days with increasing concentration of 4~5% CaCl₂ but slight skin shriveling and weight loss were observed. Higher concentration of CaCl₂ treated fruits maintained higher values of moisture, ash, titratable acidity, vitamin-C, reducing sugar, starch, invertase activity whereas total soluble solid, total sugar, non-reducing sugar, total phenol, amylase, polyphenoloxidase activity decreased significantly. Limitations: In future, mechanism of CaCl₂ in hot water for extending shelf life of mangoes will be elucidated using molecular approach.  Originality/Value: The treatment of 4% CaCl₂ in hot water could be used to extend the shelf life of mangoes up to 2~3 days with consumer acceptance. 

Abstract Purpose: Considering the high perishability of agricultural products, especially vegetables, it is very important to use edible coating materials that increase their postharvest life and are edible and non-chemical. Research method: In this study, the effect of tragacanth gum coatings (0, 5, 7.5, and 10 g.L^-1) on the edible quality of tomato fruits cv. Falkato was investigated during 35 days of storage (15 °C and 85-95% relative humidity). The fruits were immersed in tragacanth gum solutions for three minutes and carefully weighed and labeled and packed after drying. During storage time, every one week (7 days) fruits were removed and the fruit weight loss, pH, soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), fruit firmness, shrinkage, and decay index were measured and compared with the uncoated sample (distilled water treatment). Findings: According to the results the tragacanth gum coating significantly reduced the percentage of fruit weight loss and improved the quality of tomato fruits such as firmness, SSC and TA compared to the control sample. So, coated fruits showed better edible quality than uncoated fruits. Then tragacanth gum is recommended for use after harvesting the tomato fruit. Research limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: In this research, for the first time, the effect of tragacanth gum coatings on the storage life of tomatoes was investigated.

Abstract Purpose: Mango is one of the most important and widely cultivated climacteric fruit which ripens rapidly after harvesting. It exhibits very short shelf life mainly due to high respiration rate, susceptible to various storage pathogens and mechanical injuries at the time of postharvest management which lead to reduce the quality. However, the experiment was carried out to investigate the chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) coating effects on postharvest quality and shelf life of mango varieties. Research Method: Mango fruits of two selected varieties (Langra and Amropali) were collected at mature stage. Changes in different physico-chemical characteristics were studied at different days of storage under ordinary room condition through different COS concentration viz., control, COS 25 mg/L, COS 50 mg/L, COS 100 mg/L, COS 250 mg/L and COS 500 mg/L. The two factor-experiments were laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Findings: Results demonstrated that COS had a positive effect on retaining higher amount of anthocyanin content, total sugar and total soluble solid content. Moreover, COS treated fruits exhibited significant delays of firmness, weight loss percentage, titratable acidity, pH and vitamin C content compared to untreated fruits. In addition, between two varieties of mango, Langra exhibited better performance compared to Amropali when treated with COS 100 mg/L. Research Limitations: The study did not focus on ethylene biosynthesis and respiration rate determination. Originality/Value: COS 100mg/L have great potentiality to maintain postharvest quality and increase shelf life of mango which could be applied commercially for preservation of mango in an ecofriendly manner.

Abstract Purpose: The effectiveness of the evaporative clay pot coolers was studied to preserve the postharvest quality of leafy vegetables, including kankun (Ipomoea aquatica), gotukola (Centella asiatica), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and thampala (Amaranthus spp.). Research method: The bundles of leafy vegetables weighed about 200 g and were stored for seven days under room temperature storage, refrigerated storage, and clay pot cooler storage. Findings: The average temperatures were 27.7 °C, 7.1 °C, and 25.6 °C, and relative humidity values were 76.1%, 58.2%, and 93.6% in room temperature storage, refrigerated storage, and clay pot cooler, respectively. The average cooling efficiency of clay pot coolers was 66.7%. The physiological weight losses of leafy vegetables were significantly reduced during clay pot cooler storage. The chlorophyll content, soluble solids content, color changes, and visual quality of leafy vegetables were significantly maintained in clay pot cooler storage compared to room temperature storage. Research limitations: The main limitation of this study was the seepage of water into the inner pot of the clay pot cooler which enhanced the decay of leafy vegetables. This was successfully controlled by avoiding overwatering the sand that was used as the lining material of the clay pot cooler. Originality/Value: The clay pot cooler is one of the alternative low-cost storage methods to preserve the quality of leafy vegetables during storage.

Abstract Purpose: The objective of this study was to enhance the MS-based medium to maximize cell biomass obtained from saffron corm within a liquid culture system. Research Method: The initial experiment employed a factorial design to examine three key factors influencing cell biomass: total nitrogen concentrations (20, 40, and 60 mM), ammonium/nitrate ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100), and sucrose concentrations (3, 6 and 9%). In the second experiment, we evaluated the effect of a basal liquid MS medium enriched with L-glutamine, L-cysteine, PVP, chitosan, and KH₂PO₄ on cell biomass. The optimized medium from Experiment 1 was further enhanced based on the results obtained from Experiment 2 in order to increase cell biomass. Its effects were then compared to those of the standard MS medium by measuring fresh weight of cells over a six-week period in Experiment 3. Findings: Results from the initial experiment demonstrated a significant increase in cell biomass (3.37 g) when using 3% sucrose with nitrate instead of ammonium. Lowering the nitrogen concentration from 60 mM to 40 mM significantly improved cell growth. Additionally, both PVP and KH₂PO₄ contributed to increased saffron cell fresh weight in the second experiment. However, it was noted that even at low concentrations, chitosan application significantly enhanced cell death. The findings from the third experiment revealed that the modified MS culture medium, combined with potassium phosphate, significantly enhanced cell biomass growth compared to the standard MS medium. Research Limitations: No limitations were identified during this study. Originality/Value: This study evaluated key factors affecting cell biomass in saffron, but future research should explore the production of saffron metabolites under these influences.