Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research

Abstract Purpose: Cucumbers are an important fruit vegetable consumed as a salad or cooked in the world. Among the most used and consumed cucumbers, there are domestic cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) and wild cucumbers (Cucumis metuliferus E.). Despite their importance, the agro-morphological characteristics of cucumbers were not well known. The objective of this research was to assess the agro-morphological characteristics of four varieties of cucumber (green and white C. sativus, bitter and non-bitter C. metuliferus). Research method: A cultivation trial of these cucumber varieties was carried out in Randomised Complete Block Design with four replications at the application farm of the Agroforestry Department Assane Seck University of Ziguinchor, Senegal. Different parameters of growth leave chlorophyll content, 50% flowering days, and yield were studied. Findings: The analysis of variance of growth parameters, chlorophyll content, 50% flowering days, and yield parameters between varieties showed significant variation. The variety green C. sativus was distinguished from the other varieties by better vegetative growth and leaves chlorophyll content (46.91±10.04 SPAD value) and early flowering (29.75±0.5 days). In terms of germination rate, weight, and circumference of fruits, the variety white C. metuliferus recorded higher values with 96±2%, 468.25±99.28 g, and 23.85±2.98cm respectively. Thus, the two wild cucumber varieties (bitter and non-bitter) showed relatively low values on most of the parameters except in terms of the number of ramifications and leaves. Leaves chlorophyll content varied significantly according to the period of the day and the status of leaf development. The higher chlorophyll content was recorded in the noon (44.76±9.45 SPAD value) and old leaves (44.49±7.09 SPAD value). Research limitations: Further genotypic and nutritional characterizations were required for a better understanding of the difference between cucumbers. Originality/Value: The results showed great variability between the varieties studied for all the morphological, phenological, physiological, and yield characteristics.

Abstract Purpose: Citrus is one of the most important horticultural products in Iran. Fruit quality is usually influenced by variety, rootstock, and postharvest conditions. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the fruit quality and storability of three orange cultivars on two rootstocks. Research method: Fruits of Navelina, Lane Late, and Thomson Novel on two rootstocks (Citrumelo and C35) were harvested when the TSS/TA ratio reached about 6.5-7. Fruit quality characteristics were evaluated at harvest and in cold storage (5°C, RH=85%) for 60 days. Findings: The fruits of all three cultivars on both rootstocks had arithmetic, geometrical, and homogenous diameter values close to the equivalent diameter value. The weight loss of ‘Lane Late’ was higher than the ‘Thomson’ and ‘Navelina’ fruits on both rootstocks during storage. ‘Navelina’ fruits on Citrumelo had reserved more juice percentage during storage. The TSS/TA index was lower in ‘Lane Late’ compared to the other cultivars on both rootstocks. A decrease in ascorbic acid was observed during storage. The peel greenness (a*=-10.53) was the lowest at ‘Lane Late’ fruit grafted on C35. The best CCI index was observed in ‘Navelina’ peel on both rootstocks. ‘Lane Late’ had the lowest antioxidant capacity on C35 (59.26%) and more antioxidant capacity (71.5%) on Citrumelo. Based on the sensory evaluation, ‘Navelina’ and ‘Thomson’ scored more points regarding the appearance and aroma of the C35 rootstock. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: The ‘Navelina’ has good color, good storage quality, and is early ripening. ‘Lane Late’ is a late ripening variety that is slow to de-green and is not suitable for cultivation in the north of Iran.

Abstract Purpose: Climacteric metabolism makes papaya (Carica papaya L) a highly perishable fruit, especially under ambient conditions. Considering that few retail outlets (markets) have a cold chain for storage, it is necessary to evaluate technologies to extend the commercial shelf life of this fruit under ambient conditions. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of arginine application to delay ripening and preserve the physicochemical quality of papaya during storage under ambient conditions. Research method: Physiologically ripe ‘Hawaii’ papayas (stage 1) were harvested from a commercial orchard, selected (physiological injuries, pests and diseases), sanitized in a chloride solution and sprayed with solutions containing distilled water (control) and arginine (25 mg.L^-1) determined in preliminary tests. They were then placed on benches and kept under ambient conditions (28 ± 2 °C and 85 ± 5 % RH) for a period of 7 days with quality assessments performed daily. Findings: Spraying a solution containing arginine (25 mg.L^-1) significantly delayed the ripening of papayas, corroborated by reduced respiratory activity and ethylene production, the effects of which were observed in delayed chlorophyll loss in the peel, reduced mass loss, maintenance of firmness, reduction in total soluble solids accumulation and titratable acidity, in addition to reduced degradation of vitamin C and lycopene. Research limitations: Understanding the biochemical mechanism of arginine in the regulation of ripening. Originality/Value: The results of this study provide the producer/trader with a viable and easy-to- apply technology to ensure a product with a longer marketing period and quality for the final consumer.

Abstract Purpose: The growing attention and interest in alternatives for chemical preservatives with natural types has led to numerous studies on essential oils and plant extracts. Strawberries, due to their high respiration and metabolic activity, and high water content, are highly sensitive to microbial contamination. Research Method: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the essential oils of some medicinal plants on the fungus Aspergillus sp. in strawberry fruit in in vivo and in vitro conditions as a factorial form in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor included the type of essential oil: frankincense, ginger, cinnamon, and tarragon essential oils, and the second factor included the concentration of essential oil at five levels (0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 µL.L^-1). Findings: In vitro results showed that with the increase in the concentration of plant essential oils, their antifungal activity increases. As a result, the lowest fungus colony diameter was obtained from the concentration of 800 µL.L^-1 of essential oil. A comparison of the average type of essential oil showed that cinnamon essential oil had more antifungal activity than other essential oils used, so that at any level (200 to 800 µL.L^-1), it caused a 100% inhibition of Aspergillus sp. growth. In vivo, results showed that the best appearance of the fruit and the highest soluble solids were recorded from the concentration of 800 µL.L^-1 of essential oil. Cinnamon essential oil treatment resulted in the best fruit appearance, the highest soluble solids, and the highest levels of antioxidants, anthocyanin, and sugar compared to frankincense essential oil. Research limitations: There were no limitations. Originality/Value: Among the essential oils, cinnamon essential oil showed better antifungal activity against Aspergillus sp., which causes strawberry fruit spoilage. Therefore, it can be used as a substitute for chemical fungicides, although other essential oils may also be effective.

Abstract Purpose: Pistachio is one of the strategic products of Iran. To maintain the position of this strategic product in the global market and to increase its production, potential areas in other parts of the country should be identified and orchards with suitable cultivars should be developed. To this end and to determine the adaptability of five pistachio cultivars with different climatic conditions of Khorasan-Razavi province, a trial was conducted. Research method: Cultivars including: Akbari, Fandoghi, Badami-Sefid, Ahmadaghaei and Kalleghoochi were investigated in seven selected orchards in Neyshabour, Bajestan, Torbat-e-Jam, Khoshab, Gonabad, Bardaskan and Mahvalaat cities in a RCBD during 2019-2021. Findings: Despite damages caused by storms, the Badami-Sefid cultivar had the highest yield in Bajestan. At Feyzabad the most product was Ahmadaghaei with 18 kg per tree, followed by Badami-Sefid and Akbari, followed by Kalleghoochi and Fandoghi with 9 kg/tree. But in other areas such as Gonabad, where strong winds blow normally, Ahmadaghaei, with strong cluster connected to the tree branch, and hence wind cannot cause much damage to the crop, seems suitable for cultivation, as well as Akbari. In case of the Akbari cultivar, its chilling requirement should be considered. Research limitations: More varieties of pistachios were not found in the orchards. Originality/Value: The results showed that Badami-Sefid cultivar due to its maximum height and width of the crown, high production capacity and adaptation to different climatic conditions of Khorasan province is suitable for areas of the country that are similar to the climatic conditions of Mahvalaat.

Abstract Purpose: A field experiment was designed to determine the effects of compost tea on the quality parameters of sweet corn produced without the use of mineral fertilizers. Research method: This research was conducted in the Taraba State University Teaching and Research Farm, Jalingo, Nigeria in 2023. The fertilizer treatments in this study were 500kg ha^-1 NPK fertilizer (Control), 1 kg compost per 10 L water compost tea, 1 kg compost per 20 L water compost tea and 1 kg compost per 30 L water compost tea, arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design, replicated thrice. Findings: The results indicated that the treatments had significant (P ≤ 0.05) effects on the physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of the sweet corn evaluated. The mineral (NPK) fertilizer treatment gave highest mean total soluble sugar content (33.13 mg g^-1), followed by 1 kg compost per 10 L water compost tea (33.10 mg g^-1), then 1 kg compost per 20 L water compost tea (31.72 mg g^-1) and 1 kg compost per 30 L water compost tea gave the lowest total soluble sugar content (29.88 mg g^-1). Yet, the effects of 1 kg compost per 10 L water compost tea treatment and mineral (NPK) fertilizer treatment were the same (p > 0.05). Research limitations: There were no limitations to the report. Originality/Value: This study illustrated the possibility of utilizing 1 kg compost per 10 L water compost tea concentration to produce a good yield and quality of sweet corn without mineral fertilizers.

Abstract Purpose: Due to the short-day nature of the velvet bean, which triggers flowering in the autumn with decreasing day length, its production in temperate and high-latitude regions under greenhouse conditions requires modifications in its flowering and fruiting habits. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize L-DOPA production by investigating photoperiod changes and hormonal regulation to encourage flowering and fruiting under greenhouse conditions. Research Method: Treatments included photoperiod at two levels (13-hour darkness and natural day length) as the first factor and growth regulators at seven levels (50 and 100 mg of gibberellin, 20 and 50 mg of paclobutrazol, 50 and 100 mg of cytokinin, and a control treatment) as the second factor. Findings: the effects of photoperiod, growth regulators, and their interaction were significant for all traits except for internode length. The natural light treatment resulted in a 3% delay in flowering compared to the 13-hour dark treatment, whereas the 13-hour dark treatment exhibited higher fruit weight, seed yield, and L-DOPA content (18%) compared to the natural light. Moreover, the application of 50 mg paclobutrazol reduced the days to flowering by 55 days compared to the control. On the other hand, the 50 mg paclobutrazol treatment showed significant increases in fruit weight (59%), seed yield (65%), and L-DOPA content (31%) compared to the control. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: Overall, extending the dark period improved velvet beans' yield and yield components. Furthermore, paclobutrazol enhanced yield more effectively than gibberellin and cytokinin. Based on the experiment, the best treatment for achieving maximum quantitative yield and L-DOPA content was 13-hour darkness combined with 50 mg of paclobutrazol.

Abstract Purpose: Purslane plant is used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. This study aimed to study some physiological and biochemical reactions of Portulaca oleracea to salinity stress and the effect of silica fertilizer application in reducing the harmful effects of salinity stress on climatic conditions of Behbahan city in southwestern of Iran. Research Method: Purslane seeds were planted in plastic pots. Salinity treatment was considered at two levels of 0 and 200 mM NaCl and silica fertilizer treatment were considered at two levels of 0 and 2g/l. Findings: Results revealed that with increase salinity concentration, plant height, amount of soluble sugar, amount of soluble protein and chlorophyll b significantly decreased. The use of silica fertilizer had a positive effect on the mentioned traits in comparison with its non-use. Based on the results, the use of silica fertilizer increased plant height, soluble sugar, and soluble protein by 16.19, 25.35 and 28.74%, respectively, compared to its non-use in salinity conditions on the Portulaca oleracea plant, which is very important due to the salinity of a large areas of agricultural lands in Iran. Research limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: This study showed that silica fertilizer, compared to its non-application, increased plant height and photosynthetic pigments and reduced the harmful effects of salinity stress on Portulaca oleracea. Therefore, both in the condition of lack of salinity and in the condition of salinity stress, the use of silica fertilizer is suggested in comparison with its non-use in order to improve the measured traits.

Abstract Purpose: Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is an economically important fruit crop affected by anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The study was carried out to test two essential oils; Citronella oil and Cinnamon oil and two leaf extracts; Lantana camara and Ocimum tenuiflorum on four occasions of fruit development as pre-treatment assay in the field condition. Research Method: Essential oils were prepared as an emulsifier and leaf saps were extracted from dried leaves and both were set to 10% concentration. The experiment was conducted in a two-factor factorial experiment with Randomized Complete Block Design. Five treatments including the control were applied for four blocks representing stages of fruit development. Disease severity (0–5 scale) and disease severity index were calculated and statistically analyzed using ANOVA, MINITAB and Tukey’s pairwise analysis. Findings: According to the obtained results, four occasions of application of the selected treatment were highly significant with a minimum level of DSI (34.67 ± 4.62). L. camera leaf extract was highly effective as a pre-treatment with the least values for disease severity percentages (5.78 ± 0.43), disease severity score (0.3 ± 0.17) and disease severity index (26.67 ± 6.36). Research limitations: Flower bud initiation was delayed than the date expected due to the unpredicted heavy rainy condition. Originality/Value: The most effective block treatment interaction was shown on three occasions of application of L. camera leaf extract. This study facilitated the development of the most promising pre-harvest management strategy to control anthracnose disease which causes by the fungal pathogen C. gloeosporioides.

Abstract Purpose: The study aimed to explore the effects of biofertilizer inoculation on the growth and morphophysiological traits of Red Angel and Wonderful pomegranate cultivars under salinity stress. Research method: The experiment utilized a factorial design based on a completely randomized design with four replications to assess the effects of salinity stress at three levels (control, 4, and 8 dS/m) and biofertilizer at four levels (control, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Glomus mosseae, and P. fluorescens + G. mosseae) on pomegranate plantlets. Findings: The results showed that the highest percentage of symbiosis was observed in P. fluorescens + G. mosseae, with 89.16% and 90.55% in the Red Angel and Wonderful cultivars, respectively. Salinity did not have any influence on the percentage of symbiosis in both cultivars. Furthermore, the application of biofertilizers increased the stem diameter, number of lateral branches, total number of leaves, leaf fresh and dry weight, root diameter, number of lateral roots, and relative water content of leaves in both cultivars. Additionally, all biofertilizers reduced cell membrane injury at all salinity levels by approximately 40%. Salinity decreased the leaf fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, and number of lateral roots, while increasing cell membrane injury in both cultivars. Research limitations: No limitations were identified. Originality/Value: The results highlight the potential of biofertilizers in mitigating the adverse effects of salinity stress on pomegranates, particularly when P. fluorescens and G. mosseae are combined.

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of seed priming on Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) seedlings under saline conditions, focusing on salicylic acid and potassium nitrate treatments. Research method: The research was conducted at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2024. F₁ Seeds of the 'Sunstorm Red' were primed with salicylic acid (150, 250 and 350 mg/L) and potassium nitrate (50 and 100 mg/L) for 24 hours. A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications assessed four salinity levels (0, 4, 6, and 8 dS/m) and two sowing methods: direct sowing in pots and indirect sowing via germination in petri dishes followed by transplantation. Traits such as relative water content, SPAD index, electrolyte leakage, were measured 65 days after sowing. Findings: Seed priming significantly reduced the negative effects of salinity. Potassium nitrate priming outperformed salicylic acid in enhancing relative water content, SPAD index, stem and root lengths, and biomass. Direct sowing showed better resistance to salinity compared to indirect sowing, particularly in improving stem length, root length, and SPAD index. Primed seeds exhibited higher germination rates and stronger seedlings with enhanced growth characteristics compared to untreated seeds. Research limitations: The study was limited to specific priming agents and salinity levels, suggesting further research to optimize potassium nitrate concentrations for improved seedling production. Originality/Value: This research recommends potassium nitrate priming for robust C. roseus seedling production in saline environments. The findings can guide growers in selecting cost-effective priming strategies to enhance plant resilience and productivity sustainably.

Abstract Purpose: The main aim of the present research was to evaluate the growth performance and genetic variation in diallel crosses of melon. Research method: To investigate general and specific combining abilities and how genes act in eight melon populations, one-way diallel crosses were performed at Zahak Agricultural Research Station in 2019. Then, parental seeds and hybrids were planted in the spring of 2020 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Fruit length, fruit width, number of fruits per plant, cavity diameter, fruit weight, total soluble solids, plant length, durability (number of days to crushing), flesh thickness, and yield were examined. Findings: The results of the analysis of variance showed significant differences among the population for all traits. The results of diallel based on method 2 model 1 of a Griffing showed that general and specific combining abilities for the traits are statistically significant at the 5% level of statistical probability. The additive effects of genes on cavity diameter, total soluble solids, and shelf life were observed, expressing the possibility of selection in early generations for these traits. Research limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/value: The additive effects of genes on cavity diameter, total soluble solids, and shelf life were observed, expressing the possibility of selection in early generations for these traits also durability or shelf life is the most important trait in vegetables especially in melon so, based on these results cross Sefidak × Yellow ivaneki was the best cross for improvement of this trait.

Abstract Purpose: Under fluctuations in climatic conditions, sustaining production with excellent fruit quality is the main objective of citrus producers in the arid regions. This experiment was conducted on twelve-year-old Valencia orange trees (Citrus sinensis L) budded on Volkamer lemon rootstock (Citrus volkameriana), cultivated in sandy soil in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Research method: This work studies the influence of hydrogel and irrigation intervals on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of Valencia orange trees. The experiment consists of four levels of hydrogel (0, 750, 1000, and 1250 g/tree) with three irrigation intervals (daily, day-by-day, and every 2 days) during three seasons (2020-2022). Findings: All applications affected tree canopy volume, shoot length, leaf number, yield (kg/tree), and the physical and chemical fruit characteristics. While, the application of 1000 g/tree hydrogel and every two-day irrigation interval produced the highest values when compared to other treatments during the experimental seasons. With respect to yield and fruit characteristics, treatment of 1250 g/tree hydrogel with irrigation day-by-day resulted in the highest tree yield (113.58 kg/tree) and total yield (18.74 tons/feddan) and improved various physical and chemical fruit characteristics. Research limitations: There was no limitation. Originality/Value: Hydrogel applications mitigated the impact of prolonging irrigation intervals on the vegetative growth, productivity, and fruit quality of the Valencia orange trees compared to untreated trees.

Abstract Purpose: This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of four heat treatment protocols, 45°C for 30 minutes, 50°C for 25 minutes, 55°C for 20 minutes, and 60 °C for 10 minutes, for the disinfestation of Deglet Nour dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) while ensuring postharvest quality preservation and consumer acceptability. Research Method: The effectiveness of these heat treatments was assessed in terms of larval and egg mortality, physicochemical parameters (moisture, pH), sensory quality (texture, color, flavor, aroma), and microbiological stability, with additional storage trials using passive Modified Atmosphere Packaging (pMAP) based on PET film at 10±1°C for 5 months. Findings: Higher-temperature and shorter-duration heat treatments (notably 55°C/20 min and 60°C/10 min) proved most effective for insect disinfestation, with the 55°C/20 min treatment achieving 88.40% larval mortality while preserving the sensory qualities of the dates. Most treatments led to a noticeable reduction in moisture content, potentially affecting shelf-life and texture, except for the lowest temperature protocol. The 55°C/20 min treatment offered the best pH stability, which is key for preventing enzymatic and microbial degradation. When combined with passive Modified Atmosphere Packaging (pMAP) using PET film, this protocol ensured long-term preservation by maintaining both the physical quality and microbiological safety of the dates during cold storage. Research limitations: Further research could explore its applicability to other date varieties and dried fruits under different storage conditions. Originality/Value: This method provides a non-chemical, scientifically validated disinfestation solution, reducing reliance on fumigants and pesticides while ensuring product safety and marketability.

Abstract Purpose: Low temperature storage is commonly used to extend papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit storability. The optimal recommended storage temperature is below 10 ^°C for export and distant markets. However, chilling injury (CI) disorder occurs at 10 ^°C or lower temperatures (5-8 °C) during prolonged cold storage. Chilling injury affects fruit quality and consumer preference. Therefore, the study investigated the potential of postharvest polyamine dips to improve the quality and shelf-life of ‘Solo’ papaya fruit. Research Method: Mature papaya fruit were treated with putrescine (PUT) dips (0, 1, 2 or 3 mM) and stored for 21 days at 7.5 ^°C plus 6 days at ambient temperature. Findings: The results showed that 2 and 3 mM PUT treatment significantly (P<0.05) reduced mass and firmness loss compared to 1 mM PUT dips and untreated fruit. The same trend was observed in peel colour change. Furthermore, the results showed that 2 mM PUT treatment retained lower titratable acid and total soluble solids values compared to control fruit. Research limitations: The study did not focus on Put mode of action including antioxidant system response. Originality/Value: The study demonstrated that 2 and 3 mM PUT postharvest dips reduce ‘Solo’ papaya pathological and physiological disorders during low temperature long storage. Therefore, 2 mM has the potential to improve postharvest quality by reducing the onset/development of pathological and physiological disorders under low temperature storage thereby benefitting exporters.

Abstract Purpose: The main aim of the present research was to determine the qualitative and quantitative properties of some commercial cultivars of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruit from Iran. Research method: Mature fruits of uniform size, without of physical damage or injury from insects and fungal infection were used for all biochemical and physicochemical properties. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using the modified Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH scavenging assay method. Findings: Among the evaluated cultivars, ‘Kabkab’ had the highest fruit length and diameter, seed length, flesh weight, flesh to seed ratio, total weight and moisture percentage. The mount of antioxidant activity (AA) was in the range 57.29 ± 2.91 to 70.04 ± 0.91 in the ‘Hamrawi’ and ‘Barhee’ cultivars, respectively. ‘Khadrawi-Ahwaz’ and ‘Deiry’ showed the highest (1103.76 ± 100.89 mg gallic acid/100 g fresh weight) and the lowest (261.86 ± 44.48 mg/100 g FW) content of total phenolic compounds (TPC), respectively. Besides, the highest soluble solid content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) were observed in ‘Berim’ (82.5%) and ‘Hamrawi’ (0.086%), respectively. Research limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: Selected date cultivars in this study had relatively high levels of TPC, TFC and AA. The highest content of AA, TPC and TFC were observed in ‘Barhee’, ‘Khadrawi-Ahwaz’, and ‘Hamrawi’ cultivars, respectively.

Abstract Purpose: The objective of the present study was to examine the impact of explant type and varying concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 6-Benzyladenine growth regulators on the San Pedro cactus callus morphological and biochemical characteristics. Research method: Four types of explants were used i.e. explants with areola, without areola, with truncated areola, and with central tissue. Additionally, five combinations of BA and 2,4-D, were tested (0 mg/L BA + 2 mg/L 2,4-D, 2 mg/L BA + 2 mg/L 2,4-D, 3 mg/L BA + 3 mg/L 2,4-D, 4 mg/L BA + 4 mg/L 2,4-D, 0 mg/L BA + 0 mg/L 2,4-D). Findings: The results indicated that callus formation induced in all treatments 6 days after inoculation. There were significant differences in growth parameters, including fresh weight, volume, moisture, tissue firmness, total phenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of the callus (P < 0.01) and dry weight of callus (P < 0.05). Explants holding a segment of central tissue, yielded the least favorable results in most of experimental treatments, and the application of 2,4-D in the absence of BA had an inhibitory and toxic effect on the San Pedro cactus explants. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: Specifically, use of 2 mg/L BA + 2 mg/L 2,4-D and explants with areola resulted in callus with higher fresh weight, volume and total flavonoids, as well as good tissue integrity and firmness. The reported results are a valuable resource for future research related to cell tissue culture and the elicitation of secondary metabolites in Echinopsis spp.

Abstract Purpose: This study determined whether postharvest application with low 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid concentration could inhibit calyx senescence and preserve internal and external qualities of Valencia Late oranges during extended storage. Research method: The experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design with three replicates of 50 fruits for each treatment. The oranges fruits were dipped in four treatment concentrations; control (0), 0.01, 0.03, or 0.05 mmol L^-1 in experiment 1, and control (0), 0.003, and 0.01 mmol L^-1 in experiment 2 for one minute. Post-treatment, the oranges were kept in solid cardboard boxes as individual treatment units (n = 50 fruits) with three units comprising a treatment and held at an ambient temperature (25 ± 2°C) and a 60%–65% RH. Oranges were evaluated every seven days for four weeks. Findings: The results showed that fruit dipped at 0.01 mmol L-1 for both experiments resulted in lower calyx browning and drop, weight loss, and fruit firmness compared to control and higher dicamba concentrations. Moreover, the treatment delayed the increase in total soluble solids and the decrease in titratable acidity, slowing the maturation rate. Research limitation: This study could not evaluate fruit carbon dioxide and ethylene production during storage to understand their impact on other quality changes due to lack of Gas Chromatography machines in the resident laboratory. Originality/Value: The results demonstrate the effects of dicamba treatments in delaying detrimental calyx changes and retaining fruit integrity during storage.

Abstract Purpose: This investigation aimed to study the effect of mother bulb surface cutting, weight and date of planting on plant growth, seed yield and seed quality of onions.  Research method: The experiment was conducted during 2020 at the Agriculture Research Farm of Kabul University. The study was designed in split-split plot Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and data for plant biometry, seed yield and seed quality was recorded. The recorded data were statistically analyzed with R software. Findings: The study revealed that, surface cutting of mother bulbs alone does not influence plant growth and seed yield. However, the interaction of large bulb and bulb surface cutting was significant on seed yield. The large sized whole bulbs produced higher seed yield (938.33 Kg ha^-1) as compared to other treatments. Early planting produced vigorous plants as compare late planting. Large bulbs (126-175 g) produced vigorous plants and highest seed yield (820.83 Kg ha^-1). However, the seed yield (805.83 Kg ha^-1) produced by plants obtained from medium bulbs (76-125 g) was on par with those produced from large bulbs. Research limitations: No limitations to report. Originality/Value: Based on the findings of the study, the farmers are recommended to avoid the surface cutting of mother bulbs and follow early planting (20^th March) of medium sized bulbs (76-125 g) for vigorous plants and higher seed yield of onion.

Abstract Purpose: Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) is a lucrative crop with a year-round demand. However, seasonality in fruiting causes market glut. Therefore, potential of gibberellic acid (GAs), brassinolide (BL) and salicylic acid (SA) as preharvest foliar sprays on widening narrow harvest window alongside improved fruit quality were studied. Research Method: Experiments were performed on five-year-old 30 lime trees of cv. Monaragala Local. Trees were treated with aqueous solutions of GA (12.5, 25.0, 37.5 mg L^-1), BL (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg L^-1) and SA (1, 2 and 3 mmol L^-1) at 4-5 mm and 12-15 mm diameter stages of fruit growth. Findings: Two higher doses of GA (25.0 and 37.5 mg L^-1) delayed lime fruit maturity by ≈25 - 40 days while the highest dose of BL (1.5 mg L^-1) and the lowest dose of SA (1.0 mmol L^-1) advanced fruit maturity by ≈75-80 days significantly (p<0.05). Treatment with PGRs resulted in improved fruit weight, size, shape, firmness, and peel colour compared to the control. Research limitations: High cost of plant growth regulators specially BL hampered its commercial applicability. Originality/Value: preharvest foliar application of 37.5 mg L^-1 GA which delayed the fruit maturity by ≈40 days and 1.0 mmol L^-1 SA which hastened the maturity by ≈80 days could be recommended to expand the existing acute harvest window along with improved fruit quality

Abstract Purpose: Marian plum deteriorates rapidly after harvest, causing significant postharvest losses. This study aimed to develop polysaccharide-based edible coatings combined with beeswax and evaluate their effects on marian plum (Bouea burmanica Griff) quality during cold storage. Research Method: The experiment used a completely randomized design. Three edible polysaccharide coatings (chitosan, starch, carboxymethyl cellulose) with varying beeswax concentrations (0-2%) were developed and characterized. Coated fruits were stored at 10°C for 16 days with quality assessments conducted every 4 days. Findings: Beeswax incorporation systematically increased film hydrophobicity across all polysaccharide types, with chitosan at 2% beeswax concentration achieving the highest contact angles (109.38°), though still below the natural fruit surface (115.70°). SEM analysis revealed that beeswax addition transformed smooth film surfaces into rougher morphologies while reducing moisture content. Most coated treatments showed higher weight loss (6.38-10.65%) than uncoated control (5.39%), while chitosan without beeswax has no significant different in weight loss compared to the uncoated control.  Carboxymethyl cellulose with 1% beeswax showed significantly higher firmness than uncoated fruit at day 12. Total soluble solids slightly increased (14.5-16.5 °Brix) across treatments, while titratable acidity showed treatment-specific variations throughout the 16-day storage period. Research limitations: The study was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions over 16 days, requiring validation under commercial storage conditions. Originality/Value: This represents the first systematic evaluation of edible coatings for marian plum, providing practical guidance on effective postharvest treatments. The findings identify chitosan without beeswax maintains fruit quality without increasing weight loss, while demonstrating that complex formulations may reduce storage performance.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to improve yield, and characteristics of pistachio nuts of three cultivars by foliar application of volk oil and potassium nitrate. Research method: The study was carried out during the bud swelling stage using a factorial design, following a randomized complete block design with four replications. The experimental factors consisted of three cultivars, namely 'Fandoghi', 'Hasan-Abbasi', and 'Haj-Abdollahi', and three treatments: volk oil (1% and 2%), potassium nitrate (KNO₃) (0.3% and 0.5%), and a mixture of volk oil and KNO3 (1% volk oil + 0.3% KNO₃, and 1% volk oil + 0.5% KNO₃). A control treatment was also included in the study. Findings: The results of this study showed that the highest percentage of open shell nuts (52.17%) was observed in ‘Hasan-Abbasi’ cultivar, and the highest fresh weight of 100 nuts in ‘Haj-Abdollahi’ (202.2 g). The lowest ounce (29.07), the highest dry weight of 100 nuts and 10 kernels weight were obtained 76.26 and 26.56 g in ‘Fandoghi’ cultivar, respectively. The use of 2% volk oil treatment was effective in budbreaking, as well as increasing the percentage of open shell nuts and reducing the percentage of balk nuts. Research limitations: There was no limitation. Originality/Value: 0.5 % KNO₃ increased the fresh and dry weight of 100 nuts and decreased ounce of pistachio in all cultivars. Therefore, the use of volk oil and KNO₃ treatments can be effective in pistachio orchards, and increase the quantity and quality of the yield.

Abstract Purpose: Viola ignobilis Rupr. is one of the important medicinal species which is in danger of extinction due to the over harvesting from the main habitats. Nowadays, domestication of medicinal plants in accordance with sustainable agricultural methods is a new important challenge. In this research, we used biostimulants and optimization of light intensity as eco-friendly approaches to improve yield and photosynthetic efficiency of V. ignobilis Rupr. Research Method: The experiment was set up in a split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main factor was two light levels (50% and 100% of full sunlight) and as sub factors plants were treated with animal derived protein hydrolysate (A.PH), vegetal derived protein hydrolysate (V.PH), seaweed extract (SE), the combination of A.PH + SE and V.PH + SE and also, water served as a control. Findings: Light intensities and biostimulant application significantly impacted the morphological parameters including fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots compared to control plants. Furthermore, the photosynthetic pigments did not differ significantly in two light intensities, but, biostimulant application considerably increased the photosynthetic pigments concentration. The obtained results indicated that the highest value of assimilation rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, and also chlorophyll fluorescence parameters including the highest values of qP, Fv/Fm and (ФPSII) were connected to plants treated with A.PH + SE biostimulants under full irradiance. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: Optimizing light condition and combined use of PHs + SE biostimulants due to synergistic effects can improve crop yield and photosynthetic efficiency in violet, when no other sources of fertilizers are available.

Abstract Purpose: Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) fruit is an important source of anthocyanin supplying for consumption and in medicine. The fruit production is not regular, and based on previous studies, shows strong biennial bearing habit. Research method: The present research was conducted during 6 consecutive years to evaluate the effects of summer pruning intensities on alternate bearing index (ABI), new shoot growth, total carbohydrate within shoot and leaf tissues, 100 berry fresh weight, and juice anthocyanin content. Pruning treatments were done as topping the one-year old shoots in May as followed: removing 0 bud (unpruned or control), 10 buds and 20 buds via topping the mentioned shoots. Findings: Data showed that summer pruning that removed 10 buds via shoot topping increased the induction of new shoot growth (current shoot production), carbohydrate accumulation within shoot tissues, 100 berries fresh weight and anthocyanin content within berry juice. On the other hand, the lowest and the highest ABI were observed in 10-buds removing and un-pruned trees, respectively. Finally, it is concluded that summer pruning might be considered as a good tool to mitigate alternate bearing habit of this valuable tree, specifically decreases canopy transpiration via lower leaf area during hot periods of the season. Research limitations: During the experiment, there was no considerable limitation. Originality/Value: The present research increases the possibility of how coping with alternate bearing in seedless barberry orchards. It is clear that the changing management methods might be helpful decreasing bearing habits of this plant.

Abstract Purpose: Cucumbers play an immediate and crucial role in fighting against micronutrient deficiency and are often consumed crudely. This study aimed to assess the nutritional and phytochemical values of these three whole fruits of cucumber and the share of their different parts such as the epicarp, the mesocarp, and the endocarp. Research method: Fresh cucumber fruits were collected and their different parts were separated and crushed. Samples were analyzed to determine the proximate, the phytochemicals, the vitamins, and the minerals. Findings: The results show significant variation in nutritional and phytochemical content. White Cucumis sativus contained more sugars (704.57±124.79 mg/100g), total polyphenols (133.05±21.26 mg/100g), flavonoids (1.07±0.46 mg/100g), tannins (43.26±5.18 mg/100g), Sodium (28.52±1.37 mg/100g) and Potassium (286.58±25.40 mg/100g). Green C. sativus concentrated more protein (35.65±5.12 mg/100g) and Iron (4.22±5.44 mg/100g) while, non-bitter wild C. metuliferus was richer in acidity (6.5±1.45 meq/100g), vitamin C (275.07±44.23), Magnesium (47.87±10.53 mg/100g) and Calcium (21.25±25.40 mg/100g). According to the different parts, the endocarp concentrates more acidity (7.25±2.21 meq/100g), proteins (39.76±5.07 mg/100g), nitrogen (6.36±0.81 mg/100g), total polyphenol (104.12±28.67 mg/100g) and flavonoids (1.10±0.45 mg/100g). The Mesocarp has more sugars (663.50±12.10 mg/100g) while Epicarp concentrates more Tannin (40.19±1.99 mg/100g), Magnesium (56.51±2.94 mg/100g), Calcium (28.21±20.72 mg/100g), Sodium (25.05±5.28 mg/100g), Potassium (312.66±13.84 mg/100g) and Iron (4.79±4.98 mg/100g). Cucumbers are recognized as fruits and vegetables with multiple nutritional values. Research limitations:  Further genotypic characterizations were required for a better understanding of the difference between cucumbers. Originality/Value: The knowledge of the nutritional value of each part of the fruit was necessary for better valorization and maximizing the nutrient supplies.