Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research

Abstract Purpose: Oxidative stress is a condition caused by an imbalance between free radicals and the body's antioxidant defense system. Antioxidants are substances that reduce or inhibit the formation of free radicals. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different extraction temperatures on the polyphenol content of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) fruit husk and to determine its antioxidant activity. Research method: The nipa palm fruit husk was extracted using different temperatures (30°C, 45°C, and 60°C) and the antioxidant activity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. The data were presented as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) followed by Duncan multiple comparison tests. Findings: The results showed that an extraction temperature of 60°C produced the highest total phenolic (44.50 mg Gallic acid equivalent per g of sample), flavonoid (8.75 mg Quercetin equivalent per g of sample), and tannin (50.30 mg Tannic acid equivalent per g of sample). Fourier transform infrared analysis detected hydroxyl groups, indicating the presence of polyphenol compounds in the nipa palm fruit husk extract. Furthermore, the extraction temperature of 60°C exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity (52.79%) compared to other temperatures (30°C and 45°C). These findings suggest that nipa palm fruit husk extract can serve as a natural antioxidant and has potential applications as a pharmaceutical agent. Research limitations: There were no limitations identified. Originality/Value: This study is the first to report the effect of temperature on the extraction of polyphenol content from nipa fruit husks. It also highlights the potential of nipa fruit husk extract as a natural source of antioxidant agents.

Abstract Purpose: Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are among the most significant agricultural products cultivated in various regions of Iran, boasting high nutritional value. This study focuses on assessing the genetic diversity of grape genotypes from vineyards in the West Azarbaijan province.  Drought is an important environmental factor that limits plant growth and production. Given the abundant grape germplasm in Iran, there is potential to select cultivars and high-yielding genotypes possessing valuable genetic traits to use as resilient bases in commercial grape cultivars. Research Method: This research involved the evaluation of 16 grape genotypes in a single phase. For this purpose, 16 grape genotypes were grouped and compared in various dry conditions including (PEG0%, PEG2% and PEG4%). Findings: The results showed that vegetative traits, relative water content, and membrane stability decreased in all cultivars, but this decline was less pronounced in the »Garashire, Gezel, and Fakhri genotypes«. Protein content and the activity of protective enzymes in the roots and leaves increased significantly across all 16 genotypes, with particularly notable levels observed in the »Garashire genotype«. Drought stress had a marked effect on the accumulation of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in the Asgari and Reddish Tabriz genotypes. The levels of these compounds were higher in these genotypes compared to others, indicating increased lipid peroxidation and reduced stability against drought. Research limitations: There was no limitation. Originality/Value: The adverse effects of drought were more pronounced at the end of the stress period, especially under a high dose of PEG (4%). Overall, the »Garashire genotype« exhibited the highest tolerance, while the Asgari genotype was the most sensitive to drought.

Abstract Purpose: Pomegranate is an important crop in Iran. However, soil and water salinity in pomegranate growing areas of Iran is one of the most important abiotic stresses resulting in economically significant losses. The most effective way to deal with salinity is to develop salinity-tolerant rootstocks and cultivars and use them in areas with saline soil and water. Research method: The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design, where three rootstocks (‘Daneshgah 8’, ‘Daneshgah 13’, and ‘Daneshgah 32’) and five salinity levels (irrigation water as a control treatment, and concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM sodium chloride) were the factors. Salinity treatments were applied in June, July, and August on three-year plants. By the end of the study, some morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits were recorded.  Findings: Under salinity stress conditions, pomegranate rootstocks showed apparent differences in measured traits. Among the evaluated rootstocks, ‘Daneshgah 13’ exhibited good tolerance to salinity stress due to the smaller reductions in leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, plant height, shoot number, fresh and dry weight, as well as lower values of ion leakage, and necrotic and fallen leaves. Research limitations: By measuring some other physiochemical traits such as antioxidant enzymes and proline contents, the response of pomegranate drought-tolerant rootstocks to the salinity can be more clearly interpreted. Originality/Value: Therefore, ‘Daneshgah 13’ can be used as appropriate genetic resources in breeding programs for tolerance to salinity.

Abstract Purpose: Ferula assafoetida (L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants with many applications in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.  It has been endangered due to overharvesting from natural habitat and long period of seed dormancy. Knowledge of seed germination behavior leads to the development of its conservation and cultivation. Research methods: We conducted this research as a factorial experiment in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to evaluate seed germination in response to low temperature, plant growth regulators (kinetin, gibberellin, carrageenan as plant bio-stimulant) and TiO₂ nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs). The germination percentage and rate, mean germination time, and radicle elongation were measured. Findings: The results showed that the cold (4 °C), GA₃, carrageenan, kinetin and TiO₂ NPs increased seeds germination rate and percentage. Maximum seed germination percentage (86% or 23% more than control) and minimum mean germination time (26 days or 12.6 days shorter than control) obtained with seeds pretreated by kinetin soaking and TiO₂ NPs treatment at 4 °C. Furthermore, most treatments produced healthier and stronger radicles compared to the control which is vital for better establishment and growth. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: The price and demand of asafoetida products have been increased dramatically. The most important constrain to hinder reliable supply of the products is the shortage of plant or difficulty to access its products. Here, we showed the cost effective and environmentally friendly methods to provide high seeds germination with vigorous roots.

Abstract Purpose: Environmental stresses are a main disturbing factor influencing horticultural productivity around the world. It will affect all plants including resistant or non-resistant cultivars. So, it is important to find the better cultivars and to check the response to adverse environmental conditions. Research method: Thus, the present research was conducted to evaluate responses of different bearing status of pistachio cultivars including Kalleh-Ghochi (K), Ohadi (O) and Ahmad-Aghaii (A), grafted on Badami-Rize-Zarand as rootstock, for six consecutive years to soil salinity. Findings: ON-bearing trees of ‘Ahmad-Aghaii’ showed the highest yield, followed by ‘Ohadi’ and ‘Kalleh-Ghochi’. In addition, the lowest leaf temperature was observed with this cultivar. Although the highest nitrogen, sodium, carbohydrate, peroxidase and leaf temperature was obtained in ON-bearing trees, however, the lowest potassium and total phenol content indicated in OFF-bearing status. It was found a negative correlation between leaf potassium content and ABI, between leaf peroxidase activity and ABI and between leaf temperature and ABI. On the other hand, leaf temperature increased as leaf sodium content increased. Research limitations: There was no limitation. Originality/Value: From data presented here, it is concluded that salinity and Na accumulation might be effective in changing the response of the pistachio cultivar under harsh environmental conditions which affects yield component and alternate bearing index.

Abstract Purpose: The study was conducted to optimize the extraction process with high polyphenol and flavonoid content from O. gratissimum L. and evaluate their biological activities. Research Method: The extraction of O. gratissimum L. extract was performed by combining ultrasound-assisted and hot extraction methods. Findings: The results showed that extraction of O. gratissimum L. was performed under optimal conditions by response surface methodology (RSM), including ethanol concentration of 70%, raw material: ethanol ratio of 1: 35.71 (g.g^-1), time extraction of 69.77 min, and at a temperature of 89.82 °C, with a total polyphenol content and a total flavonoid content of 190.987 (mgGAE.gDW^-1) and 27.10 (mgQE.gDW^-1), respectively. The extract was concentrated by vacuum rotary evaporation to obtain the total extract which was subjected to evaluation for its physicochemical components and biological activities. The results showed that the total extract quality met the current standards of Vietnam without heavy metals and pesticide residues. In addition, the antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the total extract sample from O. gratissimum L. also gave positive results, confirming the significant biological activity. Research limitations: No limitations were encountered. Originality/Value: Ocimum gratissimum L. is a medicinal herb widely used in traditional medicine across East Asia, especially in Vietnam. Due to the high content of physiochemical components, including essential oils and phenolic compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids, O. gratissimum L. exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. Therefore, studies on the biological activity of solution extracts and total extracts from O. gratissimum L. are essential for evaluating the potential applications in the fields of medicine, foods, and cosmetics.

Abstract Purpose: Selection and evaluation of imported cultivars is one of the main programs for the breeding of fruit trees, including pears. Comparison of quantitative and qualitative traits of imported cultivars and genotypes with available cultivars of each region is necessary to obtain superior cultivars and introduce them to producers. Research method: In this study, the growth and yield of 10 introduced Asian pear genotypes named Ks6, Ks7, Ks8, Ks9, Ks10, Ks12, Ks13 and Ks14 along with two European pear cultivars named 'Shahmiveh' and 'Spadona' as controls grafting on 'Dargazi' seedling rootstock were studied during five years (2015-2019) in the climatic conditions of Isfahan (Iran). Findings: The highest rootstock, grafting, and scion diameter as well as the highest tree height were observed in 'Shahmiveh' and 'Espadona' cultivars. Ks8 and Ks9 had the lowest rootstock and grafting diameter and Ks10 showed the lowest scion diameter and tree height. Two European pear cultivars, 'Shahmiveh' and 'Espadona', had lower yield and yield efficiency than Asian genotypes. The highest yield and yield efficiency belonged to Ks13 and Ks8, respectively. 'Shahmiveh' and Ks9 had the highest and lowest fruit dimensions, respectively. European cultivars had higher TSS than Asian genotypes. The highest and the lowest fruit firmness were observed in Ks13 and 'Shahmiveh', respectively. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: In general, Ks13 and Ks8 are recommended for cultivation and expansion in the climatic conditions of Isfahan due to their good yield and taste index.

Abstract Purpose: The pistachio nut is an important product primarily traded as dry nut in-shell kernels. Any damage to the shell during growth and development can cause shell staining and kernel decay in pistachios, rendering them unsuitable for sale. This study aimed to mitigate these issues by evaluating the effects of various calcium nitrate solutions. Research method: Fruit samples from two pistachio cultivars, 'Akbari' and 'Kaleh-Ghoochi,' were collected from 18-year-old trees with moderate tree vigor in a commercial orchard. The calcium nitrate solutions included a control sample (distilled water), 0.4% calcium nitrate, and 0.2% calcium nitrate enriched with lecithin, foliar applied two weeks after full bloom. Findings: Calcium nitrate treatments, both alone and enriched with lecithin, significantly reduced physiological disorders such as endocarp lesions and fruit abscission. In 'Akbari,' calcium nitrate treatments reduced issues such as nut ounce, shell staining, deformed nuts, blank nuts, endocarp lesions, early-split nuts, hull decay, and hull cracking. In contrast, Kaleh-Ghoochi also benefited from reduced occurrences of deformed nuts, early-split nuts, hull decay, and hull cracking. However, when treated with calcium nitrate enriched with lecithin, there was a notable reduction in blank nuts in Kaleh-Ghoochi, whereas calcium nitrate alone led to an increase in blank nuts. These calcium nitrate treatments resulted in positive outcomes and reduced fruit defects, thereby enhancing the overall quality and marketability of pistachios. Notably, the combination of calcium nitrate and lecithin had a more pronounced impact on Akbari, improving the pistachio nut's hull appearance, firmness, and reducing water activity. Research limitations: There were no limitations. Originality/Value: These findings suggest that calcium plays a significant role in enhancing the yield, quality, and marketability of pistachio fruit, providing practical insights for farmers aiming to improve their pistachio production practices.

Abstract Purpose: This work was designed to assess the physiological response of three potatoes cultivars to saline water irrigation, and the role of the electromagnetic treatment on alleviating salinity impacts on potatoes crops. Research Method: The experiment was conducted under factorial RCBD with potato varieties Spunta, Bellini and Alaska under three irrigation treatments; ground water (C), saline water (SW) and electromagnetic saline water (EMSW). We analyzed soil proprieties, minerals and water usage efficiency, plant water status, chlorophyll pigments, absiscic acid (ABA) content, and expression of StNCED gene. Findings: Data showed that EMSW promote salt leaching from soil, decrease soil salinity and improve the efficiency of water and minerals use. Leaf area, leaf dry weight, stem thickness, tuber weight, water potential, water content and water use efficiency were more disturbed under SW. The ABA content in Alaska leaves was associated with StNCED expression level. The cultivar Alaska displayed highest leaf size, SPAD and minerals use efficiency. Spunta had upmost correlation between LA and WC_ap and highest water use efficiency. Contrarily, Bellini manifested less water potential and ABA content. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/value: Thus, Spunta and Alaska revealed better physiological and metabolic capacity to tackle salinity. The results advance knowledge on potatoes response to salinity and could improve management of saline water.

Abstract Purpose: This study examined the influence of various storage conditions on Thompson seedless (Vitis vinifera) grapes quality. Research method: Grapes were stored under four conditions: control (room temperature i.e., 20-22°C, no SO₂), T1 with SO₂ sheets at room temperature i.e., 20-22°C, T2 with SO₂ sheets in cold storage at 1°C and T3 without SO₂ sheets in cold storage at 1°C. Changes in acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), total anthocyanin content, total phenols, sugars (glucose and fructose), trans-resveratrol, decay %, weight loss % and antioxidant activity were monitored over 60 days. Findings: The findings revealed a synergistic effect between SO₂ and cold storage. Grapes stored with both SO₂ sheets and cold storage (T1) exhibited the slowest decline in anthocyanin, phenols and antioxidant activity of 211.06 mg/L, 2102.39 mg/L and 7.19 mM DPPH, respectively after 60 days. T1 grapes found to have slower reduction in sugars and trans-resveratrol concentration i.e., 15.47 to 15.37 g/100mL and 695 to 516 µg/g, respectively compared to control samples 15.47 to 14.81 g/100mL and 695 to 500 µg/g, respectively. Research limitations: The study focused solely on storage conditions of Thompson seedless variety grapes, limiting the generalizability of the findings to different grape varieties and maturity levels. Originality/value: These results highlighted the importance of proper storage techniques, particularly the combined use of SO₂ and cold storage, for maintaining grape quality and extending shelf life.

Abstract Purpose: This study investigated the effects of phosphorus, potassium, and humic acid fertilizers on growth, yield, and physiological traits of chicory under Arak’s climatic conditions using a factorial experiment. Research Method: The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors included levels of phosphorus fertilizer (0, 8 and 12 kgha^-1), potassium fertilizer (0, 10 and 15 kgha^-1), and humic acid (0, 0.5 and 2 kgha^-1). Findings The results showed that the highest Leaf Area Index was observed in the treatment of 12kg/ha phosphorus+10 kg/ha potassium sulfate+2 kg/ha humic acid, with a mean of 2.9. The highest number of flowers and the highest total chlorophyll content were obtained in 12 kg/ha phosphorus + 10 kg/ha potassium sulfate + 0.5 kg/ha humic acid treatment with averages of 49.11 per plant and 39.5µg/g FW respectively. The highest flower yield was in 10 kg/ha potassium sulfate treatment with an average of 330.6 kgha^-1. The highest content of free proline was obtained in 8 kg/ha phosphorus+15kg/ha potassium sulfate+2 kg/ha humic acid treatment with 0.97μmol/g FW. Combined phosphorus, potassium, and humic acid application significantly improved chicory growth, yield, and physiology, increasing leaf area index, flower number/yield, shoot yield, biomass, and chlorophyll content, while decreasing free proline. Research limitations: No significant limitations were identified in this study. Originality/Value: To maximize chicory growth and yield in the specific climatic conditions of this study, a balanced fertilizer application is crucial, as excessive fertilization can be harmful. This study suggests a combination of 8 kg/ha of superphosphate, 10kg/ha of potassium sulfate, and 0.5 kg/ha of humic acid powder. Future research should focus on understanding how these nutrients affect chicory at a mechanistic level and on evaluating the long-term consequences of various fertilization programs for soil fertility and environmental health.

Abstract Purpose: The current study examined the impacts of postharvest treatments with different coating solutions to enhance the shelf life of papaya at the least nutrient loss. Research method: The study was carried out with mature and fresh shahi papayas (BARI Papaya-1) using Complete Randomized Design. The experiment comprised four treatments namely control (T₁), coating with 2% pectin solution (T₂), 2% cellulose acetate solution (T₃), and 2% sodium alginate solution (T₄). Findings: Significant variations among the treatments regarding physicochemical characteristics like color, weight loss (%), moisture content (%), pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids (°Brix), vitamin C content, and biological parameters like total viable count (TVC), and shelf life were observed for the 12 day storage periods. It was observed that vitamin C content, moisture content, and titratable acidity gave higher values in the treated samples (T₂, T₃, T₄) with the lowest color score, weight loss, total soluble solids, and pH. Among the samples, the papaya treated with 2% sodium alginate solution obtained the longest shelf life with the lowest TVC value. Conversely, the control papaya had the highest microbial load with the shortest shelf life. Research limitations: There was no limitation. Originality/Value: Among the treatments, 2% sodium alginate solution increased the shelf life of papaya by 16% and decreased post-harvest loss. Therefore, 2% sodium alginate solution treatment seems to be a good substitute for preservation and an effective way to retain the quality of papaya.

Abstract Purpose: Irrigation with saline water and poor quality and fertility of the soil are the most important factors limiting the growth, establishment, and yield of pistachio trees in many pistachio farming areas of Iran. In addition, phosphorus plays an important role in plant growth, especially under environmental stress conditions. Thus, the purpose of this experiment is to investigate the role of P use in improving the growth of pistachio seedlings at different levels of irrigation water salinity. Research method: A greenhouse study was conducted as a factorial combination based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments include two levels of P [Control (P₀) and 30 mg kg^-1 soil (P₁) as triple superphosphate] and three levels of irrigation water salinity (0, 5, and 10 dS m^-1). Findings: Irrigation with saline water (10 dS.m^-1) significantly decreased the shoot dry weight (94%), root dry weight (64%), leaf area (62%), plant height (35%), shoot and root P content (41% and 52%), shoot K content (40%) and shoot and root K/Na (85% and 28%) of pistachio seedlings. However, P application increased the growth parameters and the concentration of P and K elements in the pistachio seedlings shoot and root under water salinity stress. Research limitations: No limitations were encountered. Originality/Value: According to the results of this experiment, phosphorus application increased the growth of pistachio seedlings in saline condition. Therefore, according to soil and water salinity in pistachio farming areas of Iran, optimal nutrition with nutrients such as P can increase the tolerance of pistachio seedlings to salinity stress and their establishment.

Abstract Purpose: This experiment was carried out to examine the impacts of glycine betaine (GB) and methionine (Met) on basil plants' biochemical and morphological traits in two experiments under greenhouse conditions at Guilan University, Iran. Research method: Two completely randomized plans were used for the experiment, each involving three replications. The experiment factors during the first experiment were various amounts of GB (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg. L^-1), and in the second experiment, we utilized four Met quantities (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg L^-1). Findings: The results showed that GB utilized at 150 mg L^-1 led to the maximum leaf fresh and dry weight, stem dry weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total antioxidants, and leaf calcium and nitrogen content. The treatments with GB had a 1000 seed weight higher than the control. According to the results, leaf fresh and dry weight, root dry weight, and chlorophyll a and b in control were significantly higher than other Met treatments. Root fresh weight and the florets number per plant in control and 50 mg L^-1 Met were significantly higher than in other treatments. Besides, the 50 mg L^-1 Met treatments resulted in higher total phenol, antioxidants, and leaf phosphorus content than the control. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: The findings of this experiment demonstrate that the use of Met in greenhouse conditions does not have significant effects on basil plants, but GB has significant effects.

Abstract Purpose: Exotic fruits could fulfill global requirements of health-conscious consumers, providing efficient postharvest management protocols are implemented to assure safety and quality. Research Methods: Compositional changes of ripe balata fruits (Manilkara bidentata), were investigated when seal-packaged in low density polyethylene (LDPE) for 7 days at 6-7^°C and 28-30^°C. Mature Spanish tamarind (Vangueria edulis) fruits were stored at 20^°C and 30^°C and ripening changes analyzed after 3 days. Quarter-sliced mature-green (M1) and ripe-yellow (M2) West Indian lime (Citrus aurantifolia) were seal-packaged in LDPE at 4-5^°C, 7-8^°C and 28-30^°C and evaluated over seven consecutive days. Findings: Balata seal-packaged in LDPE for 7 days at 6-7^°C and at 28-30^°C, accounted for lower fresh weight losses, higher total soluble solids (TSS), pH, TSS:TTA, vitamin C, better skin-gloss appearance and more acceptable flavor than control fruits over the same period. Ripe Spanish tamarind stored at 20^°C and 30^°C and 75-85% relative humidity had a yellowish-brown skin and pulp color, TSS (3.0-3.1%), TTA (2.24g/100g - 2.48g/100g), TSS:TTA (1:1.3), pH (3.4) and vitamin C (1.84 mg/100g). West Indian lime M2 quarter-slices at 7-8^°C secured superior quality ratings due to the absence of chilling injury symptoms, cut-edge browning and fermentative aroma compared to similar treatments after 4 days at 4-5^°C. At 28-30^°C, M1 and M2 became unmarketable in less than two days. Research Limitations: More cultivars required. Originality/value: The unique postharvest quality characteristics of exotic fruits could be successfully managed to fulfill the basic requirements of health-conscious consumers and to exploit existing and potential niche markets.

Abstract Purpose: Water irrigation regimes strongly influence the agrophysiological parameters in pistachio. This study aims to investigate the impact of the partial root drying on the yield, vegetative growth, physiological parameters, water status and biochemical traits of the pistachio cv. Mateur budded on P. atlantica rootstocks during the growing season (2021). Research Method: The agro-physiological responses of the pistachio trees located in the experimental orchard of the Regional Center of Agriculture Research (CRRA, Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia), were studied. Three water treatments were applied; T0: 100% Partial root drying (PRD) during all the season, T1; 75% PRD during all the season and T2; 50% PRD during all the growing season. The leaf gas exchange parameters were determined using a portable photosynthesis system (CI-340 handheld photosynthesis system, USA). Findings: Results showed the stomatal conductance (gS) of pistachio leaves ranged from 320 to 760 mmol H2O m-2s-1 in the 100% PRD treatment whereas the water regimes 75% PRD and 50% PRD presented a clear decrease in this parameter. The proline and the soluble sugar content reached its maximum value (2.10 μmol g−1 FW and 275.60 μg g−1 FW, respectively) under the 50 % PRD treatment during the month of August. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: The 75% PRD treatment was the most efficient as it did not show significant differences with the 100% PRD treatment while 25% of the irrigation water was saved. The partial root drying strategy can be used in pistachio orchards under semi-arid conditions.

Abstract Purpose: Sawdust, a by-product of wood workplaces, poses environmental contamination and reduces workspace efficiency. This research aimed at recycling sawdust from rain tree by incorporating its extracts into gelatin films to create active films with antifungal properties against Aspergillus flavus. Research method: Sawdust was extracted by microwave with various solvents and electrical powers. The extract (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2%) were then tested for A. flavus inhibition. The extract was also incorporated with gelatin for making wrapped films and tested for inhibition potential on garlic inoculated with A. flavus. Findings: The optimal microwave extraction condition utilized a solvent mixture comprising distilled water and 95% ethanol in a 1:1 v/v ratio, applying 100 watts of electrical power for 30 seconds, repeated 5 times. This method yielded 23.26 mg/g of tannin. Furthermore, the 2% concentration of the extract significantly inhibited both mycelium growth and spore germination of A. flavus (P<0.05) when tested on a petri dish. Additionally, incorporating 2% of the crude extract into gelatin film resulted in the most favorable outcome. This treatment demonstrated the capability to prolong the shelf life of wounded-inoculated garlic for more than 12 days. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: Sawdust originating from a rain tree can be recycled biodegrable actine gelatin films against A. flavus, a field-bomepathogen in garlic.

Abstract Purpose: The optimum harvest maturity for growers is depended on both product and marketing conditions. Non-climacteric fruits, especially strawberries, are generally harvested in fully ripen stage. The appearance, firmness, and phytonutrient compositions consist the main quality parameters in this fruits. In the present investigation, the strawberry fruits (Fragaria x ananassa Duch cv Camarosa) were harvested at seven different growth stages (50% growth, green, white, turning, 50% turning, ripening, over ripen) and evaluated for their physical and chemical characteristics. Research method: Correlation of parameters and growth stages were investigated by the statistical approach the principal component analysis (PCA). Findings: Results revealed an increase in the total soluble solids (TSS: 11.5 Brix) and decrease in titratable acidity (TA: 0.85 mg citric acid/100 g FW) and fruit firmness (1.27 N) parameters. The phenolic (151.43 mg GAE/g FW) and flavonoid contents (48.92 mg Q/100g FW) were decreased until turning stage, whilst the trend was increased afterwards. The vitamin C (AsA) amount was increased during ripening period, whereas it reached up to 42 mg ascorbic acid/100 g fresh weight in ripen fruit. The PCA plot indicated that increasing of the fruit ripening, TSS, AsA, and TAC (total anthocyanin concentrations) have been enhanced, although TA and Cl (chlorophyll) were declined. Research limitations: No limitations were encountered. Originality/Value: Optimum harvesting period is a considerable factor for both consumers and food industries, growth stages that it can be achieved to target production of fruits with stable and predicatble physical, chemical and phytochemical parameters.

Abstract Purpose: In order to assay the impact of silicon (Si) and nano-Si on morphological and physiological traits of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under salt stress conditions, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse and field conditions. Research Method: The experiment was based on a completely randomized design including two levels of saline water (1.1 (control) and 6.1 dS m-1) and three levels of foliar spray (0, 2.5 mM Si and nano-Si) with 4 replications. Findings: Salinity stress decreased the vegetative and flowering parameters of pot marigold in the both conditions. Supplemental Si and nano-Si increased the dry weight of flowers under salt stress in the greenhouse (47 and 71%) and field (86 and 94%) conditions, respectively. Foliar application of nano-Si enhanced the flower total phenols of salt-stressed plants by 76% (greenhouse) and 50% (field), respectively. Under saline conditions, the use of nano-Si increased the flower antioxidant activity in the field by 17% in comparison to the control. Supplemental Si and nano-Si could reduce the negative impacts of salinity through increasing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, accumulating soluble sugars, improving water relations, and enhancing chlorophyll content. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/value: Based on the results of present study, the use of Si and nano-Si improved the growth and physiological characteristics of pot marigold under saline conditions.

Abstract Purpose: Bananas have been experiencing increased production worldwide due to increased cultivated areas over the last three decades. However, postharvest losses of bananas are the major concern due to their highly perishable nature and therefore require appropriate treatments and storage methods to extend storage life. This study evaluates the effects of Aloe vera coating and storage temperatures on the physiological changes, and sensorial attributes of Lantundan and Cavendish bananas. Research method: These fruits were coated with Aloe vera and stored at 10°C or 25 ± 2°C and relative humidity of 70-75% or 50-55% respectively. The fruits were evaluated every 2 days for 10 days. Findings: Aloe vera treatment reduced weight loss, inhibited peel colour changes, delayed total soluble solids and titratable acidity changes, and minimised decay of the two banana cultivars. Coating did not significantly affect taste and overall acceptability, although panelists preferred coated bananas. The combined effects of Aloe vera coating and storage at 10°C was the most effective treatment in maintaining Lantundan and Cavendish bananas qualities. Research limitations: This study could not measure endogenous ethylene and respiration to ascertain their impact on peel colour changes to a lack of equipment. Originality/Value: It therefore extended the shelf life of the fruits to 10 days, compared with uncoated bananas which had a shorter shelf life of 6 days.

Abstract Purpose: Cruciferous sprouts in their early stages of development are very suitable foods against degenerative diseases due to their high content of health promoting compounds. The application of UV-B can act as an elicitor of these compounds. The objective was to study the effect of a UV-B treatment to different seed varieties and its remnant effects after germination as sprouts. Research method: Brassicaceae seeds selected (radish, rocket, white mustard, and tatsoi) were treated under 20 kJ m^-2 UV-B 24 h before sowing, while no UV radiation was used as control (CTRL). After 7 days, sprouts were harvested, frozen, and freeze-dried until their bioactive content was analysed. Findings: Results showed that UV-B enhanced by ~20% the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in sprouts, and hence, their total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, this UV effect was also appreciated after 7 germination days, and it was increased by ~38% regarding CTRL, especially on rocket and mustard sprouts. In conclusion, an abiotic UV-B stress treatment to seeds can be an interesting tool to improve the bioactive compounds content of young plants, although the intrinsic mechanisms involved should be further investigated. Research limitations: The use of these new technologies, such as UV-B, is costly and must be applied following appropriate safety measures to avoid possible irradiation damage. Originality/Value: The analysis of the remnant effect of the UV-B before seeds sprouting has not been yet studied and its use could result in a beneficial effect on the germination and biosynthesis of phytochemicals in young plants.

Abstract Purpose: This study investigated the effect of harvest time, postharvest dehydration + waxing and storage temperature on rind- free and conjugated phenolics and their ability to alleviate chilling injury and pitting of ‘Benny’ Valencia oranges during cold storage. Research method: Fruit were harvested at early, mid- and late season, and thereafter, divided into control, dehydrated, waxed + dehydrated portions. After treatment, fruit were stored at -0.6 and 4.5°C for 28 days, thereafter, 7 days at ambient temperature (25°C). Findings: In general, peel pitting index (PPI) was significantly higher for late season fruit, while, CI was higher for early season fruit, especially at -0.6°C storage. Furthermore, dehydration stress without waxing resulted in significantly higher PPI and CI at -0.6°C when compared with 4.5°C storage. With respect to both free and soluble conjugated phenolics, the control fruit showed higher levels of rind phenolics, especially at late harvest across all the storage temperatures. Therefore, untreated fruit appeared to tolerate cold stress by up-regulating endogenous systems of total rind phenolics. Postharvest dehydration repressed endogenous phenolics synthesis. In conclusion, susceptibility to pitting disorder increases with harvest time, dehydration stress, while fruit harvested early were highly susceptible to CI. Research limitations: The main limitation of this study is the lack of specific phenolics. Originality/Value: The study found that dehydration plus waxing has a significant effect on chilling and non-chilling citrus ‘Benny’ Valencia fruit. Furthermore, these treatments induced an increase in rind total phenolics to mitigate rind physiological disorders during extended cold storage.

Abstract Purpose: It is believed that wood vinegar (WV) can improve soil nutrient availability and uptake, thereby improving plant growth and development. In this study we investigate the effect of WV on the availability of macro- and micro elements in the soil and the uptake, translocation and efficiency of these elements in seedlings of sour orange (SO) and Mexican lime (ML) as well as on plant growth. Research method: The applied WV (1 and 2%) (v/v) was added to the irrigation water at intervals of 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after planting. Findings: The results showed that the use of WV at both concentrations reduced the phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) concentration in the leaves of ML, reduced the percentage of calcium (Ca) uptake and efficiency of copper (Cu) in SO and increased the iron (Fe) in ML root (1150 to 1320 mg kg^-1 DW). Although 1% WV increased soil availability of Ca, sodium (Na), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) and thus decreased root K/Na and Ca/Na, WV 2% improved Mn and K availability but decreased Ca in the soil solution. Application of 1 and 2% WV reduced root dry weight by 16.1 and 12.9% in SO seedling, respectively and in ML seedlings 2% WV reduced total chlorophyll and leaf greenness. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: The results showed that although the addition of WV to the soil can reduce the pH and thereby increase the availability of some elements such as K and Mn, the increase in EC prevents the effective absorption and translocation of elements and thus plant growth such as root dry weight and greenness.

Abstract Purpose: Unfortunately, the quick quality loss in strawberry fruit decreases its marketability. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of pre- and post-harvest treatments on the enhancement of fruit storability. Research method: Pre-harvest treatment of calcium chloride (Ca) 2% and nano calcium (nCa) 0.01%, and post-harvest treatments of Chitosan (CH) 1% and Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) 1% on strawberry storability were investigated for 15 days and under 95% relative humidity at 1 ˚C. Traits of fruits such as weight loss, firmness, decay amount, total soluble solid, anthocyanin concentration, total phenol, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity were measured. Findings: 15 days after treatment, treated samples showed decreased weight loss (WL), which was 18% for the untreated sample and 12% for treated samples. A delayed decline in firmness was observed in treated samples and nCa+CH treatment had the highest firmness 15 days after cold storage. Fruit decay was the most in the control sample and the least in Ca+CH treatments. Total soluble solids and anthocyanin increased in control, but remained stable in treated samples. Total phenol (TP) amount was the least in control. CH treated samples had the highest level of TP. Ca+CMC treated samples gradually showed higher level of vitamin C (AA) than other treatments. Research limitations: There was not limitations. Originality/Value: These results proved that using edible coatings of CMC and CH, and pre-harvest treatment with Ca and nCa increase the storability of strawberry, and can be used commercially to increase storage time.

Abstract Purpose: Nowadays with the precipitation scarcity induced by climate change, the use of non-conventional water resources in irrigation is needed such as saline water. The irrigation of salt tolerance species like olive could be adopted with potassium foliar spray. In this work we present how olive plants modulate sodium potassium balance and metabolism to mitigate salt stress. Research method: A pot experiment was conducted to assess how potassium nitrate modify Na/K ratio and biochemical compounds in olive plants. One-year-old olive plants (cv Chemlali) irrigated with a saline water (10g/L) were subjected to three treatments: K0, K1 and K2 (0, 1 and 2% of potassium nitrate foliar spray, respectively). Findings: Results showed differences between treatments. The mineral composition particularly the sodium and potassium content of leaves and roots revealed that the K1 and K2 treatments slightly increased K/Na in leaves and decreased in roots. Moreover, the salt stress was moderate through the osmotic adjustment. The accumulation of osmolytes (proline and soluble sugars) decreased by k1 and K2 treatments. Secondry metabolites (phenols) showed an increase by K1 and K2. Lipid peroxydation was also reduced by treatments especially in young leaves and then increased. In conclusion, potassium can be recommended in order to mitigate the harmful effects of salinity. Research limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: In the condition of current water scarcity the saline water could be used with potassium application.