Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research

Abstract Purpose: The study aimed to provide an overview of tomato loss during road transportation with specific interest in the causes of the postharvest loss, postharvest loss mitigation measures, as well as research focus and trends over the past few decades. Findings: Transport conditions significantly affect tomato quality, influenced by factors like vehicle specifications and road conditions, which contribute to mechanical damage. Post-harvest losses stem from various factors such as the usage of inadequate harvesting tools, inefficient handling and transport equipment, usage of inappropriate packaging materials, poor temperature management and rough handling of fresh fruits as well as substandard road infrastructure. These issues collectively result in substantial losses, reaching up to 60%, notably impacting developing countries. Limitations: The study focused on existing literature published in English. Consequently, it may not offer a comprehensive overview, as other studies with abundant information on the subject might be written in languages not covered by this study’s language restriction. Directions for future research: Future research should prioritize investigating the impact of mechanical stress, such as vibration and impact loads, experienced by fruits like fresh tomatoes during road transport and material handling. Additionally, there is a need to assess the effectiveness of different packaging materials in safeguarding transported tomatoes against mechanical stress.

Abstract Purpose: This study examined the influence of various storage conditions on Thompson seedless (Vitis vinifera) grapes quality. Research method: Grapes were stored under four conditions: control (room temperature i.e., 20-22°C, no SO₂), T1 with SO₂ sheets at room temperature i.e., 20-22°C, T2 with SO₂ sheets in cold storage at 1°C and T3 without SO₂ sheets in cold storage at 1°C. Changes in acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), total anthocyanin content, total phenols, sugars (glucose and fructose), trans-resveratrol, decay %, weight loss % and antioxidant activity were monitored over 60 days. Findings: The findings revealed a synergistic effect between SO₂ and cold storage. Grapes stored with both SO₂ sheets and cold storage (T1) exhibited the slowest decline in anthocyanin, phenols and antioxidant activity of 211.06 mg/L, 2102.39 mg/L and 7.19 mM DPPH, respectively after 60 days. T1 grapes found to have slower reduction in sugars and trans-resveratrol concentration i.e., 15.47 to 15.37 g/100mL and 695 to 516 µg/g, respectively compared to control samples 15.47 to 14.81 g/100mL and 695 to 500 µg/g, respectively. Research limitations: The study focused solely on storage conditions of Thompson seedless variety grapes, limiting the generalizability of the findings to different grape varieties and maturity levels. Originality/value: These results highlighted the importance of proper storage techniques, particularly the combined use of SO₂ and cold storage, for maintaining grape quality and extending shelf life.

Abstract Purpose: Sawdust, a by-product of wood workplaces, poses environmental contamination and reduces workspace efficiency. This research aimed at recycling sawdust from rain tree by incorporating its extracts into gelatin films to create active films with antifungal properties against Aspergillus flavus. Research method: Sawdust was extracted by microwave with various solvents and electrical powers. The extract (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2%) were then tested for A. flavus inhibition. The extract was also incorporated with gelatin for making wrapped films and tested for inhibition potential on garlic inoculated with A. flavus. Findings: The optimal microwave extraction condition utilized a solvent mixture comprising distilled water and 95% ethanol in a 1:1 v/v ratio, applying 100 watts of electrical power for 30 seconds, repeated 5 times. This method yielded 23.26 mg/g of tannin. Furthermore, the 2% concentration of the extract significantly inhibited both mycelium growth and spore germination of A. flavus (P<0.05) when tested on a petri dish. Additionally, incorporating 2% of the crude extract into gelatin film resulted in the most favorable outcome. This treatment demonstrated the capability to prolong the shelf life of wounded-inoculated garlic for more than 12 days. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: Sawdust originating from a rain tree can be recycled biodegrable actine gelatin films against A. flavus, a field-bomepathogen in garlic.

Abstract Purpose: Lemon (Citrus limon) is a highly important citrus species worldwide. However, its semi-tropical nature makes it susceptible to chilling, extensive research on postharvest treatments to preserve its quality under low temperatures. Research Method: The treatments included 500 μM melatonin (M), 50 μM methyl jasmonate (J), and 5 mM gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Lemons stored at 3 ± 1°C and a relative humidity of 85-95% for 100 days plus 5-day shelf life. Findings: The results revealed that most of the experimental treatments, except for the combination of GABA + J and GABA + J + M, significantly reduced fruit weight loss. Notably, the melatonin treatment showed a 22.7% lower weight loss compared to the control fruits. Furthermore, the melatonin treatment exhibited the highest fruit firmness (49 N), while the control treatment had the lowest (36.3 N). Regarding the quality parameters, individual treatments, and the GABA + M treatment resulted in significantly higher total soluble solids (TSS) and a lower TSS/TA compared to the control at the end of the storage period. Except for the M + GABA and M + J treatments, all other treatments showed higher ascorbic acid content compared to the control. Additionally, the melatonin treatment showed significant differences in various color indices compared to the control. Research limitations: There was no limitation. Originality/Value: Overall, fruits treated with M, J, GABA, and GABA + M demonstrated higher marketability compared to the control and other treatments. Consequently, it is recommended to utilize these treatments individually rather than in combination to maintain the quality of lemon fruits.

Abstract Purpose: The effectiveness of the evaporative clay pot coolers was studied to preserve the postharvest quality of leafy vegetables, including kankun (Ipomoea aquatica), gotukola (Centella asiatica), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and thampala (Amaranthus spp.). Research method: The bundles of leafy vegetables weighed about 200 g and were stored for seven days under room temperature storage, refrigerated storage, and clay pot cooler storage. Findings: The average temperatures were 27.7 °C, 7.1 °C, and 25.6 °C, and relative humidity values were 76.1%, 58.2%, and 93.6% in room temperature storage, refrigerated storage, and clay pot cooler, respectively. The average cooling efficiency of clay pot coolers was 66.7%. The physiological weight losses of leafy vegetables were significantly reduced during clay pot cooler storage. The chlorophyll content, soluble solids content, color changes, and visual quality of leafy vegetables were significantly maintained in clay pot cooler storage compared to room temperature storage. Research limitations: The main limitation of this study was the seepage of water into the inner pot of the clay pot cooler which enhanced the decay of leafy vegetables. This was successfully controlled by avoiding overwatering the sand that was used as the lining material of the clay pot cooler. Originality/Value: The clay pot cooler is one of the alternative low-cost storage methods to preserve the quality of leafy vegetables during storage.

Abstract Purpose: The main objectives of this study were to find farmers’ handling practices on postharvest losses of potatoes, to estimate the post-harvest losses from farm gate to storage level and to know how the post-harvest losses were affected by the socio-demographic factors. Research method: The study was conducted in Dolakha, Nepal with 100 respondents selected by simple random sampling method. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the primary data and MS Excel and SPSS were used for data analysis. Findings: Out of the total potatoes produced, 89.73% were utilized in various forms while the remaining 10.26% were lost due to poor post-harvest handling practices and lack of adequate cold storage facility. The farmers in the study area relied on practices, such as using spades for harvesting, week-long curing, traditional home storage, sorting and grading to remove the damaged ones, use of jute sacks, and overfilling and dragging of heavy bags. The post-harvest loss was significantly affected by age, gender, land size, and farming experience of farmers whereas the literacy level, ethnicity, and religion had no impact on it. Limitations: Transportation was a limitation because motorable roads were unavailable due to which farmers of distant areas couldn’t be included in the sampling frame. Originality/value: The study reported that only 3% of farmers had access to cold storage facilities and 10.26% of harvested potatoes were lost due to traditional post-harvest practices.

Abstract Purpose: This study reported for the first time, the postharvest management practices and estimated lost by roadside orange sellers in Oyo state, Nigeria. Research Method: Multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 120 respondents. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data collected for specific objectives were analyzed and presented in frequency, percentages, mean, and standard deviation while the multiple regression analysis was performed to assess hypothesis of the study. Findings: Results showed that the roadside orange sellers had low level of education as 25.0% had no formal education while 47.5% had primary education. Under tent/umbrella (60.8%) are the main tent used to display oranges long the roadside. High profitability (81.7%) was the leading factors motiving marketing of oranges along the road side. The marketers (95.8%) moderately used postharvest management practices (PHMPs). The orange sellers incurred high loss of oranges up to 14.2% stored. Unfavourable weather condition (x̄=2.12) was the lead constraints to use PHMPs. Multiple linear regression showed that years of experience, average number of orange stocked and age showed significant relationship with the use of PHMPs. Limitations: There was no limitation. Originality/Value: Roadside orange sellers in Oyo state, Nigeria were moderate users (95.8%) of postharvest management practices and incurred 14.2% lost.

Abstract Purpose: In Bangladesh, postharvest damage to various vegetables is common because of a lack of appropriate technologies. Country beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.), one of Bangladesh's main winter vegetables, are cultivated throughout the country, which provides numerous health advantages. A research experiment was performed to measure the impact of chitosan covering on weight loss, shelf-life, and some nutritional characteristics of country beans at postharvest storage. Research Method: The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications and four treatments at room temperature (≈23-25ºC), and the treatments were: T0 (control), T1 (coating with 0.10% solution), T2 (coating with 0.20% solution) and T3 (coating with 0.30% solution). Findings: The use of 0.20% chitosan prevented weight reduction by 1.59% as compared to the control and extended the shelf-life up to 23.3% in country beans at 10 and 12 days after postharvest storage (DAPS), respectively. Chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll contents varied from 0.75-1.59, 1.36-2.86 and 2.11-4.45 mg g^-1 tissue at 5 DAPS and 0.61-1.26, 1.10-2.27 and 1.70-3.53 mg g^-1 tissue at 10 DAPS, respectively. Chitosan treatment T2 significantly enhanced calcium (0.77%) and phosphorus (0.51%) contents in the country beans during postharvest storage at 5 DAPS. Additionally, treatment T3 significantly increased total phenolics (3.06 mg 100g^-1 tissue) in the country beans during postharvest storage at the same DAPS. Research limitations: The study could not measure some traits (i.e., anti-radical activity, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, etc.) due to a lack of laboratory facilities. Originality/Value: This experiment revealed that country beans covered with 0.20% chitosan solutions could be utilized to enhance several nutritional properties, check weight loss, and prolong the shelf-life.

Abstract Purpose: Guava is believed to be the most important commercial fruit crop in Bangladesh. Guava fruit exhibit very short storage life mainly due to high respiration rate, susceptibility to various pathogens and mechanical damages which can rapidly reduce the quality. However, the experiment was conducted to study the edible coatings effects on postharvest quality and shelf life of guava.  Research Method: Commercially mature guava fruits (Swarupkathi and Thai) were treated with six edible coatings viz., (i) T₁ : Control, (ii) T₂ : Aloe vera gel (25%), (iii) T₃: Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) (1%), (iv) T₄: Chitosan(1%), (v) T₅: Aloe vera gel (25%) + Chitosan (1%) and (vi) T₆: Green tea leaf extract. The two-factor experiment was designed with a Completely Randomized Design and three replications. Findings: The results showed that, Thai Piara with Chitosan 1% treatment recorded the minimum weight loss (6.28%), the highest vitamin C content (191.44 mg/100gFW), the lowest pH (5.30), the maximum total soluble solids content (6.77 ^oBrix) and the highest titratable acidity (2.04%) at 10 days after storage compare to untreated Swarupkathi piara. Thai Piara treated with Aloe vera gel 25 % + Chitosan 1% exhibited the highest shelf life (13.00 days) followed by (12.67) in Chitosan (1%) treatment. Research Limitations: The study did not focus on ethylene and respiration rate determination. Originality/Value: The study demonstrated that Thai Piara, treated with Chitosan 1% solution showed better performance followed by Aloe vera gel 25% + Chitosan 1% solution for maintaining postharvest quality and shelf life of guava.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this research was to evaluate various coatings for preserving the quality attributes of “Malas-e Saveh” pomegranate arils during storage. Research method: A bi-factorial experiment in frame of completely randomized design was conducted to compare eight coating treatments at two storage times (two and four weeks) with three replications. Findings: The highest pH and acidity was observed in the ascorbic acid treatment after four and two weeks of storage, respectively. The control after two weeks had the highest TSS and the nanosilicate container after four weeks had the highest taste index. The zero-day control had the highest vitamin C, while Aloe vera gel + chitosan and nanosilicate container after four weeks had the lowest. The zero-day control had the lowest total phenols but the highest total flavonoids and anthocyanins. Aloe vera gel, ascorbic acid and nanosilicate container after two weeks had the highest antioxidant activity, which first increased and then decreased with storage. The coatings did not significantly affect maintaining the L index or brightness of pomegranate arils. However, Aloe vera gel better maintained the (redness) and b (yellowness) indices. Aloe vera gel + ascorbic acid best preserved the sensory values closest to the zero-day control. Research limitations: None were found to report. Originality/Value: After comparing conventional coating materials with emerging options, this study revealed that Aloe vera gel alone or in combination with other coating materials was effective in preserving the quality of pomegranate arils during storage.

Abstract Purpose: This research investigated the effect of different regimes of supplementary LED light on physiological and morphological traits of two cultivars of cut Roses. Research method: In this study, treatments included cultivars (Allstar and Dolcevita) and nine light regimes including (Control, LED night from 5 pm to 7 am, LED day from 7 am to 5 pm, LED night day (24 hours light) and LED dark (24 hours, without sunlight) which were all applied in two intensities of 2000 and 4000 lux. Findings: The results showed that the LED light regime had a positive effect on morphological traits such as the number of buds and mean harvest, length, diameter and fresh weight of flowers. LED day 4000 lux improved bud diameter and mean harvest by 18% and 112% respectively compared with control in Dolcevita cultivar. The light regime also caused a significant improvement in physiological characteristics so that in Allstar cultivar LED day 4000 lux, chlorophyll a, b, total, and carotenoid were increased by 66%, 60%, 63%, and 64% respectively compared with control. The vase life in Allstar cultivar by LED night day 4000 lux intensity and Dolcevita cultivar by LED day 4000 lux were 44.5% and 133.2% higher than the control treatment, respectively. Research limitations: There was no limitation. Originality/Value: The results showed that LED night day with 4000 lux intensity had the best results in vase life in Allstar cultivar and LED day supplementary light with 4000 lux intensity increased the quantity and quality characteristics of roses.

Abstract Purpose: Fungal infections have become the most common problem to cause postharvest loss in tomato enterprise across Nigeria. Morphology-based identification of fungal species usually provides the inconclusive results with several species remain unidentified. Molecular identification method was used to supplement morphology-based techniques to identify the fungal species. Research Method: A Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) through 5.8S-ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was used to identify 180 infested tomato specimens. The samples were collected from farm, retail and wholesale points in Kwanar Gafan located at Kura LGA of Kano State. Findings: Eight haplotypes have been detected from the total fungal specimens examined, A 65.6% of fungal specimens from wholesales and farms constituted haplotype-1 and identified as Pichia kudriavzevii (with 99.54% similarity) as BLAST in National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The remaining seven haplotypes were exclusively found in the retailing points and largely constitutes Aspergillus spp., Mucor fragilis, Russula atroglauca, Ganoderma sp., Alternaria spp., Exserohilum rostratum, Colletotrichum boninense, Naganishia sp. and Cladosporium spp. Research limitations: Further research on molecular identification from other parts of kano is required for better understanding the fungi associated with postharvest loss in the state. Originality/Value: Pichia kudriavzevii is a single and only dominant fungal species that infest tomatoes in both farms and wholesale points (65.6%). However, 34.4% of the diverse fungal species have been found in retailing points which is related to the rapid infestation of tomatoes.

Abstract Purpose: Pistachio is a crusial agricultural product in Iran, but its contamination with various micro-organisms can cause problems in production, consumption, and export. Peracetic acid is an antimicrobial substance that can eliminate a wide range of micro-organisms quickly. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of peracetic acid in reducing microbial contamination of pistachios in processing terminals. Research method: Harvested pistachios were treated with concentrations of 0 (control), 1, and 2% peracetic acid at the washing basin of the terminal. Then microbial growth, bacterial and fungal population, lipid percentage, and peroxide number of pistachio kernels were evaluated at 0 and 6 months after treatment. Findings: The results showed that both 1 and 2% peracetic acid inhibited bacterial and fungal growth by about 100% and reduced microbial flora growth by more than 90%. As there was no significant difference between 1 and 2% peracetic acid, the final recommendation is to use 1% concentration. After 6 months, the contamination level increased by about 5%, possibly due to storage conditions and contamination in subsequent stages. Different concentrations of peracetic acid did not have a significant effect on lipid percentage or peroxide number of pistachio kernels. Research limitations: As the treatment time with peracetic acid in the washing basin is uncontrollable, this factor has been eliminated in this research. Originality/Value: The study confirms the importance of using peracetic acid in the terminals to reduce and control pistachio contamination without producing harmful by-products. Economic evaluation also showed that using 1% peracetic acid for disinfecting pistachios in processing terminals is cost-effective.

Abstract Purpose: This study investigated the effect of harvest time, postharvest dehydration + waxing and storage temperature on rind- free and conjugated phenolics and their ability to alleviate chilling injury and pitting of ‘Benny’ Valencia oranges during cold storage. Research method: Fruit were harvested at early, mid- and late season, and thereafter, divided into control, dehydrated, waxed + dehydrated portions. After treatment, fruit were stored at -0.6 and 4.5°C for 28 days, thereafter, 7 days at ambient temperature (25°C). Findings: In general, peel pitting index (PPI) was significantly higher for late season fruit, while, CI was higher for early season fruit, especially at -0.6°C storage. Furthermore, dehydration stress without waxing resulted in significantly higher PPI and CI at -0.6°C when compared with 4.5°C storage. With respect to both free and soluble conjugated phenolics, the control fruit showed higher levels of rind phenolics, especially at late harvest across all the storage temperatures. Therefore, untreated fruit appeared to tolerate cold stress by up-regulating endogenous systems of total rind phenolics. Postharvest dehydration repressed endogenous phenolics synthesis. In conclusion, susceptibility to pitting disorder increases with harvest time, dehydration stress, while fruit harvested early were highly susceptible to CI. Research limitations: The main limitation of this study is the lack of specific phenolics. Originality/Value: The study found that dehydration plus waxing has a significant effect on chilling and non-chilling citrus ‘Benny’ Valencia fruit. Furthermore, these treatments induced an increase in rind total phenolics to mitigate rind physiological disorders during extended cold storage.

Abstract Purpose: Low temperature storage is commonly used to extend papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit storability. The optimal recommended storage temperature is below 10 ^°C for export and distant markets. However, chilling injury (CI) disorder occurs at 10 ^°C or lower temperatures (5-8 °C) during prolonged cold storage. Chilling injury affects fruit quality and consumer preference. Therefore, the study investigated the potential of postharvest polyamine dips to improve the quality and shelf-life of ‘Solo’ papaya fruit. Research Method: Mature papaya fruit were treated with putrescine (PUT) dips (0, 1, 2 or 3 mM) and stored for 21 days at 7.5 ^°C plus 6 days at ambient temperature. Findings: The results showed that 2 and 3 mM PUT treatment significantly (P<0.05) reduced mass and firmness loss compared to 1 mM PUT dips and untreated fruit. The same trend was observed in peel colour change. Furthermore, the results showed that 2 mM PUT treatment retained lower titratable acid and total soluble solids values compared to control fruit. Research limitations: The study did not focus on Put mode of action including antioxidant system response. Originality/Value: The study demonstrated that 2 and 3 mM PUT postharvest dips reduce ‘Solo’ papaya pathological and physiological disorders during low temperature long storage. Therefore, 2 mM has the potential to improve postharvest quality by reducing the onset/development of pathological and physiological disorders under low temperature storage thereby benefitting exporters.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the most appropriate harvesting time and to evaluate the storage period of some new quince cultivar and the promising genotype. Research method: The fruits of ‘Isfahan’ and ‘Behta’ cultivars along with NB4 promising genotype were harvested on 6^th, 14^th, and 21^st October from Isfahan Agricultural Research Station, Iran. The fruits were transferred to the storage and placed at a temperature of 0±1°C and relative humidity of 90±5%. Traits were evaluated at harvesting time and also at one-month intervals for five months after storage using a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design. Main findings: The highest percentage of total soluble solids (TSS) was obtained in the third harvesting time and after five months of storage for ‘Isfahan’. The highest firmness was obtained at the first harvesting time without storage for ‘Behta’. ‘Isfahan’ at the time of the second and third harvest showed the highest total phenol content and ‘Behta’ at the first harvest and five months after storage showed the lowest value of this trait. The most weight loss was observed in ‘Isfahan’ in the third harvest and the fifth month of storage. Experimental treatments had no effect on pectin content. The highest surface browning was observed in the third harvest and the fifth month of storage. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: The best harvest time for ‘Isfahan’, ‘Behta’, and NB4 was similarly 193 days after flowering. As well as storage of these fruits for four months is recommended.

Abstract Purpose: Managing postharvest losses to extend shelf life and cut down on waste is of paramount importance nowadays, especially when resources are scarce. Extracts from the leaves of the cannonball tree and electrolyzed oxidizing water were employed to improve postharvest handling procedures. Research method: The experiment consisted of cannonball tree leaf extracts (5 ml/L, 10 ml/L, 15 ml/L, 20 ml/L) and two pH levels of electrolyzed oxidizing water (pH 3, pH 5). Tomato treated with distilled water was considered as a control. The experiment was conducted as a Completely Randomized Design under a factorial arrangement with three replications. Findings:  Cannonball tree leaf extracts (10 ml/L) significantly retained acceptable fruit color, firmness, high level of titratable acidity, flavonoid, carotenoid, anthocyanin, vitamin C, IC₅₀ and prolonged shelf life by more than three days over other treatment combinations. Compared to untreated fruit, treated fruit decayed at a slower rate (30.7 0.4%) and lost less weight (35.4 0.7%). Additionally, electrolyzed oxidizing water (pH 5) significantly outperformed alternative postharvest management techniques to lower postharvest losses, IC₅₀ (121.6 2.1 mg/Kg) activity, enhancing titratable acidity and vitamin C content, and other physico-chemical attributes and thereby increasing tomato shelf life by more than two days. Research limitations: No limitations were encountered. Originality/Value: Electrolyzed oxidizing water (pH 5) or cannonball tree leaf extract (10 ml/L) appears to be the most promising sustainable solution for reducing postharvest tomato losses.

Abstract Purpose: Considering the high perishability of agricultural products, especially vegetables, it is very important to use edible coating materials that increase their postharvest life and are edible and non-chemical. Research method: In this study, the effect of tragacanth gum coatings (0, 5, 7.5, and 10 g.L^-1) on the edible quality of tomato fruits cv. Falkato was investigated during 35 days of storage (15 °C and 85-95% relative humidity). The fruits were immersed in tragacanth gum solutions for three minutes and carefully weighed and labeled and packed after drying. During storage time, every one week (7 days) fruits were removed and the fruit weight loss, pH, soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), fruit firmness, shrinkage, and decay index were measured and compared with the uncoated sample (distilled water treatment). Findings: According to the results the tragacanth gum coating significantly reduced the percentage of fruit weight loss and improved the quality of tomato fruits such as firmness, SSC and TA compared to the control sample. So, coated fruits showed better edible quality than uncoated fruits. Then tragacanth gum is recommended for use after harvesting the tomato fruit. Research limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: In this research, for the first time, the effect of tragacanth gum coatings on the storage life of tomatoes was investigated.

Abstract Purpose: This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of harvest maturity and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on exocarp colour development and chilling injury of ‘Hass’ avocado fruit during ripening. Research method: ‘Hass’ avocado fruit harvested at three different maturity stages, early (21% DM), mid-(28% DM) and late (35% DM) were treated with 300 g mol^-1 of 1-MCP for 16 hours and stored at 5.5 °C for 28 days, subsequently, ripened at 21 °C. The physico-chemicals quality parameters evaluated every 2 days includes exocarp subjective (visual colour), objective (lightness-L*, chroma-C* and hue angle-h^o), chlorophyll-a and -b, total anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and chilling injury. Findings: 1-MCP delayed ripening for early and mid-matured fruit and extended ripening by 2-4 days when compared with untreated fruit. In this study, exocarp colour development of ‘Hass’ avocado fruit was improved by 1-MCP treatment as measured visual and objectively. The accumulation of total anthocyanins and cyanidin 3-O-glucosides in 1-MCP-treated fruit was slower than that in untreated fruit, however, 1-MCP treatment was associated with higher concentrations after fruit had reached ‘eat-ripe’ firmness, irrespective of maturity. The study found that 1-MCP reduced the development of chilling injury symptoms for early harvested and mid-harvested ‘Hass’ avocado fruit. Research limitations: The main limitation of the present study is the lack of evaluation of ethylene production. Originality/Value: The study found that different maturity stages of ‘Hass’ avocado fruit responded differently to 1-MCP treatment. Thus, 1-MCP had a positive effect on early and mid-harvest fruit exocarp colour and CI development during ripening.

Abstract Purpose: One of the most important subtropical fruits in Iran is Japanese persimmon. Persimmon is a climacteric fruit and continues to ripening after the harvest. One of the main quality components in persimmon fruit is its appearance due to the presence of different carotenoid pigments. Persimmon has also high antioxidant capacity. The use of LED lights is one of the most important commercial techniques to increase the quality and postharvest life of the fruits. In the present study, the effect of LED lights on the coloring and antioxidant capacity of persimmon fruit was studied. Research method: The Karaj genotype of persimmon was harvested at commercial stage and exposed to white and red LED lights (at intensity of 40-60 candle/W) up to 21 days at 10°C and 80% RH, as the control fruit was stored at dark conditions. Findings: The results showed that the samples of red LED light had higher color index and lower hue° and L * values as compared to control or white LED light samples. Therefore, the red light induced the coloring in persimmon fruit, but the white light did not show such an effect. Also, both white and red LED lights have resulted in better preservation and increased antioxidant capacity in persimmon fruit as compared to control. Research limitations: No limitations were encountered. Originality/Value: based on the results of this experiment, LED lights are effective treatments in maintaining and increasing the quality of Japanese persimmon at the postharvest stage, and have potential to further investigation and commercialization.

Abstract Purpose: In some orchards in the harvest season, the pomegranates are suspected to carob moth infestation. Visible infested fruits are removed but there is a possibility of hidden infestation. The effect of microwave heating on this hidden infestation was investigated in this study. Research Method: The mature pomegranate fruits were artificially infested with the eggs or larvae (1^st, 2^nd and 3^rd) of the carob moth inside the crown. Microwave radiation was focused on the crown zone of infested pomegranate with a novel setup and its effect on pest mortality was studied. The experiments were carried out at three microwave powers (540, 720 and 900 W) and three heating times (4, 6 and 8 minutes). In order to study the effect of microwave heating treatments on pomegranate, quality parameters including appearance, weight loss, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA) and taste index (TSS/TA) of the samples were investigated after 60 days’ storage. Findings: The egg and larval mortality rose with microwave power and heating time. The mortality was reduced with increasing the age of pest. There were no significant differences among values of quality factors except for titratable acidity. Because of 100% mortality with no significant differences on quality parameters, 6 min treatment time with 720 microwave power was selected as the optimum treatment. Research limitations: Energy consumption in microwave heating limits the application of this method in practice. Originality/Value: Microwave local heating of the pomegranate crown is an effective novel method to remove carob moth in hidden infestation.

Abstract Purpose: Lime fruit, a non-climacteric, seasonal crop, becomes unmarketable after 1-2 weeks from harvesting. Even though, lime is stored under low temperature conditions, the shelf life of which lasted about 4-6 weeks due to low rate of perishability. Research Method: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of coating formulation under ambient (30°C, 65% RH), cold (13±2°C and 85% RH), zero energy cooling chamber [ZECC], (16-18°C, 65% RH). Thephysiochemical attributes were evaluated in triplicate and data were analyzed using ANOVA and a probability value of p<0.05 was adopted. Finding: The storage life of citrus fruits was extended up to 15, 30, and 40 days under ambient, ZECC, and cold storage respectively by protecting physicochemical attributes such as low weight loss, TSS, titratable acidity, pH, juice yield, chlorophyll (a, b and total chlorophyll content) and surface colour with respect to L*, a* and b* values. The overall performance of different treatments demonstrated that the wax coating treatment for lime fruits under low temperature storage proved better performance compared with all other treatments. The coated fruits exhibited the retention of physicochemical characteristics significantly (P< 0.05) by lowering the fruit spoilage. Research limitations: Even though mechanical application of wax formulations was effective; it was not practiced in the experiment. Originality/Value: The wax coating treatment can be utilized on commercial scale to enhance the shelf life and to maintain the quality of lime fruits combined with low temperature storage.

Abstract Purpose: The prime aim of food storage and preservation is to protect and preserve food; and hence, extend its shelf life with minimal losses. Amongst the various factors involved to increase the shelf life and preservation, packaging plays a very critical role by providing a good physical barrier to oxygen, moisture, microorganisms, and other volatiles. Certain perishable food products require modified and controlled atmospheric packaging in order to keep them fresh, sterile, clean, and safe. The purpose of this study is to analyze and understand the use of silicone membrane technology in preserving the quality and extending the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. Main findings: The silicone membrane system (SMS) being a method of controlling atmospheric composition in fruits and vegetable storage, it was found that the shelf life and quality of the products were maintained to its best through selective membrane permeability and product respiration. The SMS allows diffusion of gases, at different rates, which is dependent on its physical and chemical properties and can be technically controlled compared to conventional Controlled Atmospheric systems. Limitations: This technology has been limited only to laboratory scale, and needs to be commercialized. Another big limitation is its high cost. Moreover, certain fruits required pre-processing before being kept in chambers with silicone windows. Directions for Future Research:  This system needs to be studied in a more appropriate way and in a more cost-effective manner, such that it can be commercialized and made available for farmers at low cost to protect their produce.

Abstract Purpose: Exotic fruits could fulfill global requirements of health-conscious consumers, providing efficient postharvest management protocols are implemented to assure safety and quality. Research Methods: Compositional changes of ripe balata fruits (Manilkara bidentata), were investigated when seal-packaged in low density polyethylene (LDPE) for 7 days at 6-7^°C and 28-30^°C. Mature Spanish tamarind (Vangueria edulis) fruits were stored at 20^°C and 30^°C and ripening changes analyzed after 3 days. Quarter-sliced mature-green (M1) and ripe-yellow (M2) West Indian lime (Citrus aurantifolia) were seal-packaged in LDPE at 4-5^°C, 7-8^°C and 28-30^°C and evaluated over seven consecutive days. Findings: Balata seal-packaged in LDPE for 7 days at 6-7^°C and at 28-30^°C, accounted for lower fresh weight losses, higher total soluble solids (TSS), pH, TSS:TTA, vitamin C, better skin-gloss appearance and more acceptable flavor than control fruits over the same period. Ripe Spanish tamarind stored at 20^°C and 30^°C and 75-85% relative humidity had a yellowish-brown skin and pulp color, TSS (3.0-3.1%), TTA (2.24g/100g - 2.48g/100g), TSS:TTA (1:1.3), pH (3.4) and vitamin C (1.84 mg/100g). West Indian lime M2 quarter-slices at 7-8^°C secured superior quality ratings due to the absence of chilling injury symptoms, cut-edge browning and fermentative aroma compared to similar treatments after 4 days at 4-5^°C. At 28-30^°C, M1 and M2 became unmarketable in less than two days. Research Limitations: More cultivars required. Originality/value: The unique postharvest quality characteristics of exotic fruits could be successfully managed to fulfill the basic requirements of health-conscious consumers and to exploit existing and potential niche markets.

Abstract Purpose: Although the area under pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.] cultivation has been increasing over the years in Bhutan, information on the morphological characters and yield performances of the cultivars grown in the country are literally absent. In this study, three landrace cultivars of pineapple (Accession ID: PV1, PV2 and PV3) collected from Sarpang District in Bhutan were evaluated for their morphological and physico-chemical characteristics. Research method: The field experiment was carried out in Randomised Complete Block Design with five replications at Agriculture Research and Development Centre, Samtenling, Bhutan in 2018. Seventeen morphological characteristics and five physico-chemical parameters were evaluated to record the variation amongst three accessions. Findings: The mean fruit weight of PV1 (1.4 kg), PV2 (0.9 kg) and PV3 (0.5 kg) were statistically significant. The fruit yield of pineapple accession PV1 (47.9 t/ha) was significantly higher than that of PV2 (30.0 t/ha) and PV3 (16.7 t/ha). Accession PV1 (14.3 °Brix) and PV3 (14.4 °Brix) had significantly higher total soluble solid (TSS) than that of accession PV2 (10.4 °Brix). Sugar to acid ratio of PV2 (46.81) was significantly higher than that of PV3 (34.95) but not with that of PV1 (41.54). Research limitations: Absence of molecular technique in characterisation of pineapples accessions. Originality/Value: This is the first report of characterisation of pineapple cultivars in Bhutan. Based on the result of this study, National Seed Board of Bhutan released Accession PV1 and PV3 as pineapple variety ‘Samtenling Kongtsey 1’ and ‘Samtenling Kongtsey 2’ respectively in 2020 for cultivation in Bhutan.