Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research

Abstract Purpose: Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a globally choicest fruit crop facing substantial pre- and post-harvest challenges, resulting in significant postharvest losses worldwide. These losses impact food security, economic growth, and the sustainability of the mango supply chain. This systematic review explores existing literature on causes and mitigation strategies of postharvest losses of mango supply chain providing a comprehensive overview of the sector. Findings: Mango faces significant postharvest losses due to damage caused by faulty handling practices, diseases and pest infestations. Key challenges include inadequate packaging, poor storage, and inefficient transport facilities alongside insufficient knowledge dissemination mechanisms, disorganized marketing systems, and limited government interventions leading to exacerbate losses. Providing improved mango varieties, investing in infrastructure, strengthening stakeholder collaboration, enhancing knowledge dissemination and establishing mango-based value-added industries are critical for the sustainability of the sector. Adopting standardized harvest maturity indices, consumer friendly methods for pest and disease prevention, and applying edible coatings to maintain fruit quality play a pivotal role for supply of quality mangoes to fresh and processed markets. The findings emphasize immediate necessity for collaboration between government, non-government, and private sector companies to make available funds for research and startups in mango sector. Limitations: This review is limited by the availability of region-specific data and variations in postharvest loss assessment methodologies. Directions for future research: Future research should focus on the development of non-destructive techniques to determine correct harvest maturity stage of mango precisely, advanced technologies to monitor and manage the losses, such as digital tracking systems, smart packaging solutions, and eco-friendly preservation techniques.

Abstract Purpose: Unfortunately, the quick quality loss in strawberry fruit decreases its marketability. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of pre- and post-harvest treatments on the enhancement of fruit storability. Research method: Pre-harvest treatment of calcium chloride (Ca) 2% and nano calcium (nCa) 0.01%, and post-harvest treatments of Chitosan (CH) 1% and Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) 1% on strawberry storability were investigated for 15 days and under 95% relative humidity at 1 ˚C. Traits of fruits such as weight loss, firmness, decay amount, total soluble solid, anthocyanin concentration, total phenol, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity were measured. Findings: 15 days after treatment, treated samples showed decreased weight loss (WL), which was 18% for the untreated sample and 12% for treated samples. A delayed decline in firmness was observed in treated samples and nCa+CH treatment had the highest firmness 15 days after cold storage. Fruit decay was the most in the control sample and the least in Ca+CH treatments. Total soluble solids and anthocyanin increased in control, but remained stable in treated samples. Total phenol (TP) amount was the least in control. CH treated samples had the highest level of TP. Ca+CMC treated samples gradually showed higher level of vitamin C (AA) than other treatments. Research limitations: There was not limitations. Originality/Value: These results proved that using edible coatings of CMC and CH, and pre-harvest treatment with Ca and nCa increase the storability of strawberry, and can be used commercially to increase storage time.

Abstract Purpose: This study evaluated the effects of cold plasma (CP) treatment using argon (Ar), nitrogen (N₂), and oxygen (O₂) gases at two voltages (5 and 8 kV) on the postharvest quality and shelf life of fresh in-hull pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) during cold storage. Research Method: Treatments were applied, and the samples were stored at 4°C for 25 and 50 days. Key parameters, including decay index (DI), water activity, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total chlorophyll content, electrolyte leakage (EL), and sensory attributes, were assessed. Findings: Decay index (DI) measurements demonstrated that CP treatments significantly inhibited microbial spoilage, and argon-CP reduced decay by up to 40% compared to untreated controls. Water activity declined from 0.957 in the controls to as low as 0.952 in the argon-treated samples, indicating reduced free water available for microbial growth. Biochemical analyses revealed that total phenolic content (TPC) increased the most under nitrogen-CP (0.485 mg GAE/100 g at 50 days vs. 0.350 mg in controls). Total chlorophyll content was highest in N₂-treated pistachios (2.96 g kg⁻¹), and electrolyte leakage (EL), an indicator of membrane integrity, was lowest in argon-CP samples (74.82% vs. 88.67% in controls), reflecting reduced cellular damage. Sensory analysis confirmed that CP-treated samples, particularly those treated with Ar, improved texture, taste, color, and aroma. Research limitations: This study was limited to laboratory-scale conditions and storage durations. Originality/Value: This research provides new insights into non-thermal postharvest preservation of pistachios and highlights cold plasma, particularly Ar-treatment, as a practical, chemical-free method to enhance quality and extend shelf life.

Abstract Purpose: Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) is a highly nutritious fruit widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, valued for its rich nutritional and medicinal properties. Despite its economic importance, limited research exists on the comparative floral biology, physicochemical characteristics, and post-harvest shelf life of different ber cultivars Bangladesh. Research Method: Four ber cultivars (Apple Kul, Khurma Kul, BARI Kul 5, and Gutti Kul 2) were assessed for their floral biology, physicochemical characteristics, and shelf life in 2023. Floral data, including flowering duration, male-to-female flower ratio, and fruit set per axil, were collected using randomized full block design with three replications. Physicochemical properties were measured using standardized laboratory methods such as ash, carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, and minerals. Findings: First flowering was recorded on September in Khurma Kul and Gutti Kul, with flowering durations ranging from 51 to 60 days. The male-to-female ratio was highest in Apple Kul (10.67), while BARI Kul 5 had more fruit sets per axil. Apple Kul and BARI Kul 5 exhibited the highest levels of ash (0.5-0.65%), carbohydrates (9.39-14.34%), total soluble solids (12.76-17.51 °Brix), and total sugars. Gutti Kul 2 had the highest vitamin C content (75.65 mg/100 g). The shelf-life evaluation revealed that Khurma Kul and Gutti Kul 2 retained their marketability the longest, while Apple Kul and BARI Kul 5 showed reduced longevity despite their superior nutrient profiles. Research Limitations: This study analyzed only four cultivars. Originality/Value: The study highlights that Apple Kul and BARI Kul 5 are promising for nutrition, while Khurma Kul and Gutti Kul 2 excel in shelf life. These findings suggest cultivar-specific strategies for ber cultivation and commercialization.

Abstract Purpose: In recent years, tropical and citrus fruits have become increasingly important in global fruit production. However, postharvest fruit loss due to spoilage and decay remains a significant challenge, impacting the global food supply chain. Owing to their perishable nature, horticultural products can experience losses of approximately 20–40% during postharvest handling and storage. Findings: Tropical and subtropical fruits are important commodities that play a significant role in human nutrition and health. Citrus fruits, bananas, mangoes, papaya, and pineapples are among the main traded tropical and subtropical fruits worldwide. Edible coatings have emerged as a sustainable solution to extend the shelf life, improve the quality of fruits and reduce postharvest losses. They are environmentally friendly and meet consumer preferences for natural, safe, and healthy food products. The exact composition and application of these coatings are crucial for determining their ability to prevent microbial growth, reduce enzymatic browning, and maintain the sensory properties of fruits. Additionally, incorporating nanotechnology into edible coatings has the potential to enhance their properties, such as improved barrier functions, regulated release of active substances, and increased antimicrobial capabilities. Recent progress regarding the influence of edible coatings is emphasized in this review, demonstrating how they contribute to extending shelf life, maintaining quality, and minimizing postharvest losses of important tropical and citrus fresh/fresh-cut fruits on a global scale. Limitations: There were no limitations. Directions for future research: Despite their potential, challenges in production, storage, and commercial-scale usage exist, requiring continuous research and innovation. Overall, edible coatings show promise in reducing postharvest losses and promoting sustainable agricultural practices on a global scale.

Abstract Purpose: This study investigates the influence of ultrasonic-homogenized alginate-based coatings on the quality and shelf-life of fresh-cut pineapple. As preservation of fresh-cut produces is still a challenging task for both producers and distributors. Research method: Alginate emulsion was prepared using sodium alginate, distilled water and glycerol. The primary emulsion was formulated by adding olive oil, citral and cinnamic acid into sodium alginate solution and subjected to ultrasonic homogenization for varying durations (0, 20, 40, and 60 minutes) at a fixed amplitude of 20 kHz. Changes in physicochemical properties, microbial activity, browning enzymes and sensory evaluation were studied after application of emulsions followed by storage under refrigeration. Findings: The viscosity of the resulting solutions decreased significantly from 110.84±25.67 mPa×s to 17.75±1.59, 10.41±0.54, and 7.74±0.39 mPa×s, respectively, while the average droplet diameter decreased to approximately 300 nm, indicating a shift from heterogeneous to homogeneous particle size distribution. Application of alginate-based coating effectively preserved freshness of pineapple, maintaining color and firmness, minimizing hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde accumulation and reducing weight loss percentage. Furthermore, it retained levels of ascorbic acid and total phenolics, delayed enzymatic activities such as polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and inhibited growth of mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and molds compared to control and primary emulsion coated samples. Research limitations: There were no limitations. Originality/Value: The study extended shelf-life of fresh-cut pineapple up to 12 days when stored at 5°C±1°C. The findings underscore the efficacy of ultrasonic-homogenized alginate coatings in improving coating solution homogeneity, thereby enhancing functionality as an edible coating for fresh-cut pineapple preservation.

Abstract Purpose: Citrus is one of the most important horticultural products in Iran. Fruit quality is usually influenced by variety, rootstock, and postharvest conditions. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the fruit quality and storability of three orange cultivars on two rootstocks. Research method: Fruits of Navelina, Lane Late, and Thomson Novel on two rootstocks (Citrumelo and C35) were harvested when the TSS/TA ratio reached about 6.5-7. Fruit quality characteristics were evaluated at harvest and in cold storage (5°C, RH=85%) for 60 days. Findings: The fruits of all three cultivars on both rootstocks had arithmetic, geometrical, and homogenous diameter values close to the equivalent diameter value. The weight loss of ‘Lane Late’ was higher than the ‘Thomson’ and ‘Navelina’ fruits on both rootstocks during storage. ‘Navelina’ fruits on Citrumelo had reserved more juice percentage during storage. The TSS/TA index was lower in ‘Lane Late’ compared to the other cultivars on both rootstocks. A decrease in ascorbic acid was observed during storage. The peel greenness (a*=-10.53) was the lowest at ‘Lane Late’ fruit grafted on C35. The best CCI index was observed in ‘Navelina’ peel on both rootstocks. ‘Lane Late’ had the lowest antioxidant capacity on C35 (59.26%) and more antioxidant capacity (71.5%) on Citrumelo. Based on the sensory evaluation, ‘Navelina’ and ‘Thomson’ scored more points regarding the appearance and aroma of the C35 rootstock. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: The ‘Navelina’ has good color, good storage quality, and is early ripening. ‘Lane Late’ is a late ripening variety that is slow to de-green and is not suitable for cultivation in the north of Iran.

Abstract Purpose: Marian plum deteriorates rapidly after harvest, causing significant postharvest losses. This study aimed to develop polysaccharide-based edible coatings combined with beeswax and evaluate their effects on marian plum (Bouea burmanica Griff) quality during cold storage. Research Method: The experiment used a completely randomized design. Three edible polysaccharide coatings (chitosan, starch, carboxymethyl cellulose) with varying beeswax concentrations (0-2%) were developed and characterized. Coated fruits were stored at 10°C for 16 days with quality assessments conducted every 4 days. Findings: Beeswax incorporation systematically increased film hydrophobicity across all polysaccharide types, with chitosan at 2% beeswax concentration achieving the highest contact angles (109.38°), though still below the natural fruit surface (115.70°). SEM analysis revealed that beeswax addition transformed smooth film surfaces into rougher morphologies while reducing moisture content. Most coated treatments showed higher weight loss (6.38-10.65%) than uncoated control (5.39%), while chitosan without beeswax has no significant different in weight loss compared to the uncoated control.  Carboxymethyl cellulose with 1% beeswax showed significantly higher firmness than uncoated fruit at day 12. Total soluble solids slightly increased (14.5-16.5 °Brix) across treatments, while titratable acidity showed treatment-specific variations throughout the 16-day storage period. Research limitations: The study was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions over 16 days, requiring validation under commercial storage conditions. Originality/Value: This represents the first systematic evaluation of edible coatings for marian plum, providing practical guidance on effective postharvest treatments. The findings identify chitosan without beeswax maintains fruit quality without increasing weight loss, while demonstrating that complex formulations may reduce storage performance.

Abstract Purpose: This study investigated the effectiveness of tragacanth gum (TG) coatings integrated with peppermint oil (PO) in controlling pathogenic fungi in banana fruits. Research Method: The research specifically evaluated the in-vitro and in-vivo responses of these coating agents on fungal pathogens and assessed their impact on peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities in banana fruits. Findings: The study revealed that tragacanth gum integrated with peppermint oil (TGPO) effectively inhibited the growth of Colletotrichum musae and Aspergillus fumigatus in bananas. TGPO-treated fruits exhibited significantly lower disease incidence (32.67±1.00 % for C. musae and 28±1.00 % for A. fumigatus) and severity compared to the controls after 14 days. The treatment also maintained higher catalase and peroxidase enzymatic activities, indicating enhanced disease resistance. Furthermore, TGPO-treated bananas retained better quality parameters during the 15-day storage period, including optimal pH levels, lower total soluble solids, reduced water activity, greater firmness, and decreased electrical conductivity. Research limitations: No limitations were identified during the course of carrying out this study. Originality/Value: The originality and value of this work lie in being the first study to investigate TGPO as a natural preservative coating for bananas. While previous research has examined various edible coatings and essential oils separately, this study uniquely demonstrates how integrating tragacanth gum and peppermint oil creates an effective, eco-friendly solution for extending banana shelf life by controlling fungal pathogens (particularly C. musae and A. fumigatus) while maintaining fruit quality. This novel approach addresses growing consumer demand for natural food preservation methods while potentially reducing post-harvest losses in the banana industry.

Abstract Purpose: Pomegranate is of considerable economic significance, with Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Gujarat serving as the primary cultivation regions. Despite the high production levels, postharvest losses are serious, with certain fruits experiencing fruit cracking, fungal infections, and poor handling during transportation, resulting in postharvest losses of up to 35%. For controlling postharvest infections in a variety of fruits and vegetables, synthetic fungicides are incredibly effective. Research Method: VeSolution is a GRAS salt-based formulation with antimicrobial properties developed to assess its efficacy in minimizing fruit rotting. Therefore, the present investigation examined the effectiveness of VeSolution in reducing these postharvest losses. The infected fruits were used to isolate and identify fungal pathogens. Subsequently, the antifungal efficacy of the VeSolution formulation was assessed by both in vitro and in vivo methodologies. The in vitro investigations entailed evaluating the formulation's inhibitory effects on mycelial growth of identified fungal pathogens on PDA plates. In the in vivo evaluation, artificially inoculated pomegranate fruits were subjected to VeSolution treatment to test their effectiveness in mitigating rot advancement. Finally, VeSolution-treated pomegranates were exposed to supply chain conditions to assess their practical efficacy. Critical parameters, including rot advancement, in-transit spoiling, and fruit quality were assessed. Findings: Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., and Coinella sp. were identified as fungi associated with pomegranate fruit rotting. The results indicated that the growth of the fungal colony was substantially inhibited by the 2% and 5% concentrations of VeSolution. The fruit rot development and progression were effectively restricted by the 2% VeSolution, as confirmed by in vivo assessments. Subsequent pilot and large-scale trials demonstrated that 1% VeSolution substantially reduced rot during longer (> 24 h) transportation periods. Research limitations: There were no limitations. Originality/Value: These results emphasise VeSolution as a viable and non-toxic alternative to conventional synthetic fungicides for maintaining the postharvest quality of pomegranates.

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to determine optimal storage conditions for preserving ten-year-old fresh Ngoc Linh ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.), a highly valued medicinal plant grown in the Ngoc Linh mountain region of Vietnam. Effective postharvest storage methods are important to maintain Ngoc Linh ginseng’s quality and phytochemical integrity. Research Method: Ethylene production and respiration rates of Ngoc Linh ginseng were evaluated, followed by a preliminary investigation in the dry season to understand the impact of temperature on its quality and shelf life. Finally, subsequent experiments were implemented in both seasons to determine the optimal storage temperature. Findings: Ethylene production and respiration rates of the Ngoc Linh ginseng were consistently low in both the dry and rainy seasons. The ginseng experienced severe dehydration and fungal decay at room temperature, while storage at 0 °C led to chilling injuries. Higher temperatures of 10 °C and 15 °C accelerated the deterioration of the ginseng. In contrast, storage at 3 °C and 6 °C significantly extended the ginseng's shelf life. A follow-up experiment confirmed that 3 °C was the most effective for retaining freshness, skin brightness, visual sensory attributes, and total saponin content in Ngoc Linh ginseng in both seasons over 35 days. Research limitations: No limitations were identified. Originality/Value: This is the first study on extending the fresh storage of Ngoc Linh ginseng, a highly valuable herb of Vietnam. Identifying 3 °C as the optimal storage temperature provides a potential standard for fresh ginseng preservation and supports future research and commercial applications.

Abstract Purpose: The microbial load and nutritional value of products have always been important issues in human nutrition. This research aimed to identify and determine the microbial levels and total antioxidant contents of dry, seedless barberry fruits collected from different regions of South Khorasan Province, which is the main production area in Iran. Research Method: Fruit samples were prepared from four regions, including the Birjand region, Zirkoh region, Darmian region, and Qaen region. Chemical traits and microbial analysis were evaluated. The microbial load was determined and compared with the maximum limit (ML) standards. Findings: Microbiological analyses of fruits from the Birjand region, Zirkoh region, Darmian region and Qaen region revealed that, fortunately, E. coli bacteria were not found in any of the studied regions. However, the highest amounts of total aerobic bacteria (4.60 log₁₀ CFU.g^-1) and yeast/mold bacteria (4.17 log₁₀ CFU.g^-1) were obtained from fruits prepared from the Darmian region, which was higher than the standard defined by the Food and Drug Organization of Iran. The highest coliform level was related to the fruits of the Darmian region (1.69 log₁₀ CFU.g^-1) and the Qaen region (1.69 log₁₀ CFU.g^-1), which were lower than those of the MLs. Considering the standards defined with the MLs in Iran, the microbial load regulations in Iran exhibit a higher level of stringency than those in other nations do. Additionally, chemical analyses revealed that the highest amount of total soluble solids and the lowest pH of fruit juice were from the fruits of the Birjand region. The highest amount of titratable acidity and the highest antioxidant activity were related to the fruits of the Qaen region. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: The nutritional value of barberry fruit is the highest in the Qaen region, followed by the Birjand region. Although the pre- and postharvest stages can affect the microbial load of products, storage conditions during the drying period of seedless barberry fruits play a crucial role in determining the microbial load.

Abstract Purpose: Tocopherols (vitamin E) are important bioactive components in some fruits, possessing potent antioxidant activity and exerting a significant influence on metabolic pathways, human nutrition, and health. However, the content of tocopherols in apple fruit peels and pulp has scarcely been investigated. Research method: Fruits of eight apple cultivars were evaluated for color, total soluble solids (TSS), and tocopherols from both the pulp and peels were extracted and analyzed. Findings: The content of a-tocopherol (0.073–0.656 and 0.01–0.02 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW) in the peel and pulp, respectively) was higher than that d-tocopherol (0.002–0.01 and 0.0001–0.0014 mg 100 g FW in the peel and pulp, respectively), and both tocopherols were higher in the peels than in the pulp. The content of a-tocopherol followed the order: ‘Braeburn’ > ‘Golden Delicious’ > ‘Rome’ > ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Royal Gala’ > ‘Jonagold’ > ‘Fuji’ > ‘Granny Smith’. Low levels of d-tocopherol were detected in the peels. ‘Granny Smith’ apples had the highest d-tocopherol content in the peel (0.01 mg 100 g FW), whereas ‘Rome Beauty’, ‘Royal Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apples exhibited the lowest levels (0.002 mg 100 g FW).  Research limitations: There were no limitations identified. Originality/Value: Our results indicate that tocopherols content in apple peels and pulp is relatively low compared to other types of fruits rich in vitamin E. However, regular consumption of whole apples may contribute to daily vitamin E intake and help prevent the oxidation of lipophilic biomolecules.

Abstract Purpose: Highly perishable tomatoes face rapid deterioration at postharvest. This study investigated the effect of methylcellulose (MC) edible coating and citrus essential oil (EO) on disease control and postharvest quality preservation of tomatoes. Research Method: The experimental factors included MC at three levels (0, 0.5, and 1% (w/v)), citrus EO (control, orange, and sour orange EO, at concentration of (1 g/L), and studying time (ST) (7, 14, and 21 days). The treated fruits were stored at 10°C with RH over 80±5% and evaluated for disease severity and other fruit quality attributes during storage. Findings: The results showed that both MC and EO treatments effectively controlled tomato fruit disease and maintained its marketability throughout the experiment, with the combination of these treatments yielding better results. The applied treatments, especially 1% MC, reduced weight loss compared to control. The results indicated increase in coloring of samples during the experiment. The firmness of the fruit tissue decreased over time, and the EO treatment proved to be more effective than MC in preserving fruit firmness. Applying MC and EO treatments, either alone or in combination, preserved total soluble solids compared to the control samples. Research limitations: No limitations were encountered. Originality/Value: Based on the results of this experiment, incorporating EO into MC edible coating showed promise in extending the shelf life of tomatoes by controlling weight loss, rate of metabolism, and disease severity. This approach offers a sustainable and effective alternative to traditional chemical treatments while providing consumers with a healthier and more flavorful product.

Abstract Purpose: Mango shelf life has significance for both market availability and long-distance transportation. So, effective treatments of postharvest are vital for maintaining the climacteric character of mangoes by limiting postharvest losses during storage. Research method: A total of 96 physiologically mature mango fruits (8 fruits in each replication) were taken. This study assessed the effect of Aloe vera gel (1:1 AVG), chitosan (1.5% CTS), and combinations (CTS+AVG) on mango shelf life and postharvest features following 16 days at ambient storage (28±3°C and 80±5% RH). The experiment was conducted using completely randomized design. Findings: The results demonstrated that either CTS or AVG had a positive effect compared to control on different parameters but their combinations was considerably superior treatment equated to the control in terms of weight loss (13.09, 20.03%), reduced respiration rate (11.22, 19.89 mlCO₂/kg/h), ethylene production (0.50, 0.56 µl/kg/h), total soluble solids (17.33, 22.23 ^oBrix), pH (5.86, 7.40) and decay percentage (13.14, 27.64%). Fruit quality metrics were all higher when CTS+AVG was used than the control, such as titratable acidity (0.66, 0.61), fruit firmness (28.61, 21.95 N/m²), ascorbic acid (14.52, 10.84 mg/100g), total phenolic content (112.99, 80.02 mg GAE/100g) and antioxidant activity (274.86, 196.65 µmol/g). Coated fruits exhibited a considerable reduction in polyphenol oxidase (PPO) (5.49, 7.87 U/mg FW), while higher levels of catalase (CAT) (0.54, 0.45 U/mg FW) and peroxidase (POD) (0.75, 0.70 U/mg FW) enzyme activity. During storage, coated fruit peels exhibited notably less discoloration than control fruits. Research limitations: In future, mechanism of CTS and AVG for prolonging shelf life of mangoes will be revealed using molecular approach. Originality/Value: These results suggest that chitosan (CTS) and Aloe vera gel (AVG) coatings combined can preserve ‘Mishribhog’ mango shelf life and postharvest quality for 16 days during ambient storage.

Abstract Purpose: Strawberry fruits are perishable with a short shelf life. Methyl jasmonate (MJ) is a well-known signaling molecule involved in the regulation of many processes in plants. Previous studies have addressed the effectiveness of pre- and postharvest MJ treatments on the quality of fruits. Therefore, in this study, the effect of pre-harvest MJ on the quality and physio-chemical traits of strawberry at harvest and during cold storage were investigated. Research Method: The effect of pre-harvest foliar spraying of MJ (0, 50, 100, and 200 μM) at three times (full flowering, production of green fruits, and the beginning of the pink stage) on quality and bioactive compounds of strawberry fruit (cv. Paros) stored at 4 °C for 12 d was studied. Findings: Our results showed that fruit obtained from MJ-treated plants had significantly higher firmness and APX enzyme activity than fruit from control plants. However, no significant differences in other traits were observed between control and MJ-treated fruits at this stage. During cold storage, MJ treatment significantly reduced firmness loss, physiological loss in weight, and ascorbic acid content compared to control fruits. In cold storage, MJ treatment reduced firmness loss and weight loss, while maintaining higher levels of titratable acidity, antioxidant compounds (ascorbic acid, anthocyanins, and phenolics), and total antioxidant activity. Furthermore, MJ treatment resulted in increased catalase and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity, as well as lowered guaiacol-peroxidase, total soluble solids/ titratable acidity ratio. Total soluble solids were not affected by MJ treatment at harvest and during cold storage. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: Pre-harvest application of MJ, especially 200 μM, can increase the shelf life of strawberry fruits by increasing or maintaining higher levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant enzyme activity. 

Abstract Purpose: Climacteric metabolism makes papaya (Carica papaya L) a highly perishable fruit, especially under ambient conditions. Considering that few retail outlets (markets) have a cold chain for storage, it is necessary to evaluate technologies to extend the commercial shelf life of this fruit under ambient conditions. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of arginine application to delay ripening and preserve the physicochemical quality of papaya during storage under ambient conditions. Research method: Physiologically ripe ‘Hawaii’ papayas (stage 1) were harvested from a commercial orchard, selected (physiological injuries, pests and diseases), sanitized in a chloride solution and sprayed with solutions containing distilled water (control) and arginine (25 mg.L^-1) determined in preliminary tests. They were then placed on benches and kept under ambient conditions (28 ± 2 °C and 85 ± 5 % RH) for a period of 7 days with quality assessments performed daily. Findings: Spraying a solution containing arginine (25 mg.L^-1) significantly delayed the ripening of papayas, corroborated by reduced respiratory activity and ethylene production, the effects of which were observed in delayed chlorophyll loss in the peel, reduced mass loss, maintenance of firmness, reduction in total soluble solids accumulation and titratable acidity, in addition to reduced degradation of vitamin C and lycopene. Research limitations: Understanding the biochemical mechanism of arginine in the regulation of ripening. Originality/Value: The results of this study provide the producer/trader with a viable and easy-to- apply technology to ensure a product with a longer marketing period and quality for the final consumer.

Abstract Purpose: Temperate fruits not only provide essential nutrients but also contribute to the diversity and sustainability of horticultural production systems worldwide. The total production of fruits, increased during the past twenty years. However, postharvest losses of fruits due to spoilage, decay, and physiological deterioration pose a significant challenge to the global food supply chain, which leads to a decline in fruit quantity and quality after harvest. Findings: Edible coatings have emerged as a sustainable solution for extending the shelf life of fruits while reducing postharvest losses. The use of edible coatings is not only environmentally friendly but also addresses consumer demands for natural, safe, and healthy food products obtained through minimal processing. A wide array of edible coating materials is available, each possessing unique properties that influence their effectiveness in preserving fruits. The specific composition and application of edible coatings play a crucial role in their effectiveness in inhibiting microbial growth, reducing enzymatic browning, and maintaining the sensory quality of the fruits. Limitations: No limitations were found. Directions for future research: Future research should focus on exploring and developing new, sustainable, and biodegradable coating materials derived from renewable sources. Additionally, incorporating nanotechnology into edible coatings can enhance their properties, such as improved barrier properties, controlled release of active compounds, and enhanced antimicrobial activity. Continued research and innovation in this area hold significant promise for reducing postharvest losses, improving food security, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. This review summarizes recent advances in different edible coating materials and their uses in prolonging shelf life and decreasing postharvest losses of important temperate fresh/fresh-cut fruits worldwide.

Abstract Purpose: Use plant-based edible coatings (PBECs) for maintaining quality of fresh fruits and vegetables (FFVs) are trending upward. Compared to modified atmosphere packaging they eliminate the use of non-biodegradable polyethylene films. Therefore, the present study aimed to bring a comprehensive systematic review of the published literature on plant- based edible coatings (PBECs) for quality maintenance and extension of postharvest life FFVs. Findings: The results revealed that PBECs are a better alternative to other protective films and packaging materials that utilize non-biodegradable polyethylene films or inorganic chemicals which pose negative impact on both consumers and environment. A wide range of ingredients including biopolymers, leaf extracts, plant waxes, essential oils, and plant byproducts have been intensively researched for their potential applications in the development of edible coatings. The coating treatments significantly retarded the rates of respiration and ethylene emission, activated antioxidative defense mechanisms, suppressed cell wall degrading enzymes, and retarded colour deterioration; all of which led to protecting the biochemical and organoleptic properties of FFVs. Limitations: Food items, when coated with some of the edible coatings, alterations of flavour and degradation of their properties upon exposure to light, oxygen & high temperature have been noted. Further, poor stability of the developed emulsion resulting inconsistencies in their effectiveness have been reported. Conclusions: In conclusion, PBECs could be considered as promising eco and consumer friendly strategy for maintaining and extending the postharvest life of FFVs.  Future trends: It seems imperative to focus more on the development of composite coatings to enrich nutraceutical attributes of FFVs. Improving the efficacy of mode of action of the developed formulae alongside enhancing its stabilization and prevention of alterations in flavour when coated are critically important.   

Abstract Purpose: This study determined whether postharvest application with low 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid concentration could inhibit calyx senescence and preserve internal and external qualities of Valencia Late oranges during extended storage. Research method: The experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design with three replicates of 50 fruits for each treatment. The oranges fruits were dipped in four treatment concentrations; control (0), 0.01, 0.03, or 0.05 mmol L^-1 in experiment 1, and control (0), 0.003, and 0.01 mmol L^-1 in experiment 2 for one minute. Post-treatment, the oranges were kept in solid cardboard boxes as individual treatment units (n = 50 fruits) with three units comprising a treatment and held at an ambient temperature (25 ± 2°C) and a 60%–65% RH. Oranges were evaluated every seven days for four weeks. Findings: The results showed that fruit dipped at 0.01 mmol L-1 for both experiments resulted in lower calyx browning and drop, weight loss, and fruit firmness compared to control and higher dicamba concentrations. Moreover, the treatment delayed the increase in total soluble solids and the decrease in titratable acidity, slowing the maturation rate. Research limitation: This study could not evaluate fruit carbon dioxide and ethylene production during storage to understand their impact on other quality changes due to lack of Gas Chromatography machines in the resident laboratory. Originality/Value: The results demonstrate the effects of dicamba treatments in delaying detrimental calyx changes and retaining fruit integrity during storage.

Abstract Purpose: Mango is one of the most important and widely cultivated climacteric fruit which ripens rapidly after harvesting. It exhibits very short shelf life mainly due to high respiration rate, susceptible to various storage pathogens and mechanical injuries at the time of postharvest management which lead to reduce the quality. However, the experiment was carried out to investigate the chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) coating effects on postharvest quality and shelf life of mango varieties. Research Method: Mango fruits of two selected varieties (Langra and Amropali) were collected at mature stage. Changes in different physico-chemical characteristics were studied at different days of storage under ordinary room condition through different COS concentration viz., control, COS 25 mg/L, COS 50 mg/L, COS 100 mg/L, COS 250 mg/L and COS 500 mg/L. The two factor-experiments were laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Findings: Results demonstrated that COS had a positive effect on retaining higher amount of anthocyanin content, total sugar and total soluble solid content. Moreover, COS treated fruits exhibited significant delays of firmness, weight loss percentage, titratable acidity, pH and vitamin C content compared to untreated fruits. In addition, between two varieties of mango, Langra exhibited better performance compared to Amropali when treated with COS 100 mg/L. Research Limitations: The study did not focus on ethylene biosynthesis and respiration rate determination. Originality/Value: COS 100mg/L have great potentiality to maintain postharvest quality and increase shelf life of mango which could be applied commercially for preservation of mango in an ecofriendly manner.

Abstract Purpose: The limited shelf life of Mexican lime fruits when stored under ambient conditions is a significant challenge. The progressive color alteration and loss of freshness can lead to reduced marketability and increased its waste. Research Method: The objective of this research was to preserve the storage quality of Mexican lime fruit by employing chitosan 1.5%, chitosan 1.5% + spirulina algae (Sp) (1%), and Moringa oleifera (Mo) leaf extracts (1%) at 20 ± 2 °C and 50-60% relative humidity for 24 days. Findings: The findings indicated that the samples coated with chitosan + Sp experienced a significantly lower weight loss compared to the control (19.8%) fruit after 24 days of storage, with a weight loss of 16.4%. A significant difference was observed between the control and treated fruit in terms of a* color parameter, with the highest value found in the control group (2.5) and the lowest value found in the chitosan-treated group (-6.7). The treated fruit exhibited significantly higher levels of phenol and flavonoid content compared to the control group. After the 24 days of storage, the chitosan 1.5% + Sp treatment displayed the highest antioxidant activity (88.66%), followed closely by the chitosan + Mo treatment (88.76%), while the control group exhibited the lowest antioxidant activity (78.75%). The treatments exhibited a significant decrease in polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activity compared to the control group, accompanied by an increase in the activity of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes. Research limitations: There was no limitation. Originality/value: Generally, the utilization of chitosan edible coatings, specifically chitosan combined with spirulina algae, has shown promising results in preserving the quality and extending the shelf life of Mexican lime fruit stored at 20 ± 2 °C.

Abstract Purpose: Changes in color, vitamin C, b-carotene, lycopene, a- and d-tocopherol were followed during ripening and senescence of mature-green tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Rhapsody) maintained at 22 °C and 85% RH for up to 5 weeks.  Research method: Tomatoes were harvested at the mature-green stage and valuated for color and the content of selected bioactive compounds (β-carotene, lycopene, α- and δ- tocopherols and vitamin C) during simulated retail market conditions (22 °C and 85% RH for 5 weeks). Findings: The tested tomato cultivar had a long postharvest life under the tested conditions, as the fruit maintained in edible conditions during the whole storage period. Vitamin C, lycopene, a- and d-tocopherol presented their highest values after about 14 to 18 days after harvest, and b-carotene maintained a maximum content (0.84 mg/100 g) 8 days after harvest. The maximum content of vitamin C, lycopene, a- and d-tocopherol were 0.036, 30, 0.27 and 0.0045 mg 100 g^-1 of fresh tissue, respectively. Our results indicate that 'Rhapsody' tomatoes harvested at the mature-green stage have shown important levels of vitamin E (tocopherols), C, and carotenoids (lycopene and b-carotene) after 14 to 17 days from harvest. Research limitations: There were no limitations. Originality/Value: This study evaluated the changes in the content of bioactive compounds in long shelf life tomatoes, of great importance for human health, for up to 5 weeks to determine the ideal moment for their consumption.

Abstract Purpose: There is no report regarding the physicochemical properties of dried barberry fruits from main production regions of the South Khorasan Province, Iran. Research Method: Therefore, we investigated the nutritional quality and bioactive compounds of dried, seedless barberry fruits from different regions of South Khorasan Province, Iran. Dried barberries were evaluated after being purchased and collected. Findings: The highest total soluble solids (TSS) and the highest taste index (TSS/TA) were obtained for the barberries from the Birjand region, which indicates that the barberries from this region have better and sweeter tastes than those from other regions. However, the barberry fruits of the Qaen region had the greatest amount of titratable acidity (TA) and the lowest amount of TSS, which indicates that the fruits of this region are more sour than those of other regions. The examination of color indices (L*, a*, b*, Hue and chroma) showed that the lowest values of a* (redness) and chroma were related to the dried barberry of the Darmian region. Additionally, the highest total phenol content and anthocyanin content were detected in fruits from the Birjand region. However, barberry fruits from the Darmian region had the lowest phenol content and the lowest levels of anthocyanin and vitamin C. Positive strong correlations revealed between anthocyanin and TSS (r = 0.82), anthocyanin and phenol (r =0.95), anthocyanin and vitamin C (r =0.77), and anthocyanin and chroma (r =0.81). Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: In general, it can be concluded that the dry, seedless barberry fruits from the Birjand region had higher quality and nutritional value than those from other regions. Nevertheless, the barberries of the Zirkoh and Qaen regions also had acceptable quality and nutritional value. However, it seems necessary to control and review the storage and drying conditions of barberry fruits in the Darmian region.

Abstract Purpose: Guava is a tropical and subtropical fruit recognized for its nutritional quality. However, o it is a climacteric fruit, that is, with high respiratory activity and ethylene production during ripening, it becomes extremely perishable under environmental conditions, requiring conservation technologies that allow its commercialization without compromising post-harvest quality during storage. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of plant regulators (gibberellic acid – GA₃ and ethephon) on ripening and quality preservation during storage at room temperature. Research method: Physiologically mature guavas (stage 3) were harvested in a commercial orchard, selected and sanitized in a chlorinated solution, and immersed in the following solutions: distilled water (control), GA₃, and ethephon (150 mg.L^-1) for a period of 10 minutes and subsequently stored under room temperature conditions (28 ± 2 ºC) for 12 days with physical-chemical quality assessments carried out every three days. Findings: Treatment with GA₃ provided lower values ​​of mass loss, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and total sugars, in addition to higher values ​​of firmness and vitamin C of the fruits analyzed, while the opposite effect was observed in guavas treated with ethephon. In general, the postharvest application of GA₃ delays ripening, making it possible to extend marketing for up to 9 days, on the other hand, ethephon anticipates ripening, making them fully ripe after 6 days of storage. Research limitations: There were no limitations to carrying out this research. Originality/Value: This research's results support staggering the ripening of guava over time, allowing the fruit's commercialization period to be extended.