Original Article
Olericulture
Unas Parveen Tahani; Md. Liton Mia; Shishir Kanti Talukder; Mahfuza Begum; Md. Shafiqul Islam; A K M Mominul Islam; Ahmed Khairul Hasan
Abstract
Purpose: Using plant growth regulators (PGR) and nutrients in a standard way can help plants grow better. That's why we did this experiment to see how PGR and NPK fertilizer affected the growth, yield, and quality of baby corn. Research method: The split plot experiment employed plant growth regulator ...
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Purpose: Using plant growth regulators (PGR) and nutrients in a standard way can help plants grow better. That's why we did this experiment to see how PGR and NPK fertilizer affected the growth, yield, and quality of baby corn. Research method: The split plot experiment employed plant growth regulator in the main plot and NPK fertilizer in the subplot. The test had four different PGRs: control (P1), mepiquat chloride 200 ppm (P2), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) 40 ppm (P3), and gibberellic acid (GA3) 100 ppm (P4). It also had four different NPK (Urea-TSP-MoP) fertilizer levels: 150-90-75 (F1), 180-105-90 (F2), 210-120-105 (F3), and 240-135-120 (F4) kg ha-1. Findings: From the results, the interaction effect showed that P4 in combination with F4 produced the highest yield parameters, including cob length with husk (23.11 cm), diameter with husk (3.46 cm), diameter without husk (2.95 cm), weight without husk (55.29 g), cob plant-1 (3.67), and yield without husk (4.41 t ha-1). The maximum starch (8.15%) was achieved when P2 was combined with F4, while the maximum protein (5.56%) was gained when P2 was combined with F3. Research limitations: The experiment is conducted in a single season and single location, hence multilocation and multi-years’ trial should be conducted before recommending these results to the farmers. Originality/Value: Based on the results it can be conclude that spraying GA3 100 ppm along with NPK fertilizer (240–135–120 kg ha-1) is thought to be a good way to improve baby corn growth, yield, and quality.
Original Article
Postharvest Biology and Technology
Md. Nazrul Islam; Md. Shahidul Islam; Md. Sorof Uddin; Mohammad Abdulla Al Noman; M. M. Mehedi Hasan; Felix Kwashie Madilo; Nitai Roy
Abstract
Purpose: Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) is a highly nutritious fruit widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, valued for its rich nutritional and medicinal properties. Despite its economic importance, limited research exists on the comparative floral biology, physicochemical characteristics, ...
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Purpose: Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) is a highly nutritious fruit widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, valued for its rich nutritional and medicinal properties. Despite its economic importance, limited research exists on the comparative floral biology, physicochemical characteristics, and post-harvest shelf life of different ber cultivars Bangladesh. Research Method: Four ber cultivars (Apple Kul, Khurma Kul, BARI Kul 5, and Gutti Kul 2) were assessed for their floral biology, physicochemical characteristics, and shelf life in 2023. Floral data, including flowering duration, male-to-female flower ratio, and fruit set per axil, were collected using randomized full block design with three replications. Physicochemical properties were measured using standardized laboratory methods such as ash, carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, and minerals. Findings: First flowering was recorded on September in Khurma Kul and Gutti Kul, with flowering durations ranging from 51 to 60 days. The male-to-female ratio was highest in Apple Kul (10.67), while BARI Kul 5 had more fruit sets per axil. Apple Kul and BARI Kul 5 exhibited the highest levels of ash (0.5-0.65%), carbohydrates (9.39-14.34%), total soluble solids (12.76-17.51 °Brix), and total sugars. Gutti Kul 2 had the highest vitamin C content (75.65 mg/100 g). The shelf-life evaluation revealed that Khurma Kul and Gutti Kul 2 retained their marketability the longest, while Apple Kul and BARI Kul 5 showed reduced longevity despite their superior nutrient profiles. Research Limitations: This study analyzed only four cultivars. Originality/Value: The study highlights that Apple Kul and BARI Kul 5 are promising for nutrition, while Khurma Kul and Gutti Kul 2 excel in shelf life. These findings suggest cultivar-specific strategies for ber cultivation and commercialization.
Original Article
Biotechnology and Tissue culture
Somaye Amini; Seyed Mahdi Ziaratnia; Nasim Adibpour
Abstract
Purpose: The objective of this study was to enhance the MS-based medium to maximize cell biomass obtained from saffron corm within a liquid culture system. Research Method: The initial experiment employed a factorial design to examine three key factors influencing cell biomass: total nitrogen concentrations ...
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Purpose: The objective of this study was to enhance the MS-based medium to maximize cell biomass obtained from saffron corm within a liquid culture system. Research Method: The initial experiment employed a factorial design to examine three key factors influencing cell biomass: total nitrogen concentrations (20, 40, and 60 mM), ammonium/nitrate ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100), and sucrose concentrations (3, 6 and 9%). In the second experiment, we evaluated the effect of a basal liquid MS medium enriched with L-glutamine, L-cysteine, PVP, chitosan, and KH2PO4 on cell biomass. The optimized medium from Experiment 1 was further enhanced based on the results obtained from Experiment 2 in order to increase cell biomass. Its effects were then compared to those of the standard MS medium by measuring fresh weight of cells over a six-week period in Experiment 3. Findings: Results from the initial experiment demonstrated a significant increase in cell biomass (3.37 g) when using 3% sucrose with nitrate instead of ammonium. Lowering the nitrogen concentration from 60 mM to 40 mM significantly improved cell growth. Additionally, both PVP and KH2PO4 contributed to increased saffron cell fresh weight in the second experiment. However, it was noted that even at low concentrations, chitosan application significantly enhanced cell death. The findings from the third experiment revealed that the modified MS culture medium, combined with potassium phosphate, significantly enhanced cell biomass growth compared to the standard MS medium. Research Limitations: No limitations were identified during this study. Originality/Value: This study evaluated key factors affecting cell biomass in saffron, but future research should explore the production of saffron metabolites under these influences.
Review Article
Pomology
Muhammad Muhammad; Imran Hussain; Summar Abbas Naqvi
Abstract
Purpose: Fruit species are essential for nutritional and health security, rich in micronutrients, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds. Recognized as functional foods, they meet current and future dietary requirements. Traditional breeding techniques have successfully enhanced various traits, including ...
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Purpose: Fruit species are essential for nutritional and health security, rich in micronutrients, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds. Recognized as functional foods, they meet current and future dietary requirements. Traditional breeding techniques have successfully enhanced various traits, including quality, aroma, antioxidant content, yield, and nutritional value. However, challenges such as climate change and the need for enhanced stress resistance require innovative solutions. Findings: Biotechnology has significantly expanded the potential for the large-scale propagation of elite clones through advancements in tissue culture, mutagenesis, and genetic transformation. Cutting-edge tools, such as CRISPR-Cas9, RNA interference (RNAi), genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and smart sensors, have revolutionised the development of novel germplasms with enhanced agronomic and nutritional traits. These technologies enable precise genetic modifications in the fruit species, boosting nutritional quality and stress tolerance. Metabolic pathway engineering allows for targeted manipulation of biochemical pathways to increase bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants and vitamins. Additionally, these innovations enhance resilience to environmental stressors such as drought, salinity, and temperature extremes, ensuring stable yields. Limitations: Despite significant progress, fully harnessing the potential of biotechnological tools to improve fruit quality and nutrition remains a work in progress. Challenges, such as limited genetic resources, regulatory barriers, high costs, and variable consumer acceptance, continue to limit their widespread application. Directions for future research: Creation of novel fruit products through biotechnology underscores the potential for trait-based enhancements, thereby opening new avenues for the development of genetically superior fruit cultivars. This review highlights the extensive applications of biotechnological approaches for improving fruit quality and nutritional value, and addressing the dynamic challenges in fruit crop enhancement.
Review Article
Postharvest Biology and Technology
Farid Moradinezhad; Nida Firdous; Maryam Dorostkar
Abstract
Purpose: In recent years, tropical and citrus fruits have become increasingly important in global fruit production. However, postharvest fruit loss due to spoilage and decay remains a significant challenge, impacting the global food supply chain. Owing to their perishable nature, horticultural products ...
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Purpose: In recent years, tropical and citrus fruits have become increasingly important in global fruit production. However, postharvest fruit loss due to spoilage and decay remains a significant challenge, impacting the global food supply chain. Owing to their perishable nature, horticultural products can experience losses of approximately 20–40% during postharvest handling and storage. Findings: Tropical and subtropical fruits are important commodities that play a significant role in human nutrition and health. Citrus fruits, bananas, mangoes, papaya, and pineapples are among the main traded tropical and subtropical fruits worldwide. Edible coatings have emerged as a sustainable solution to extend the shelf life, improve the quality of fruits and reduce postharvest losses. They are environmentally friendly and meet consumer preferences for natural, safe, and healthy food products. The exact composition and application of these coatings are crucial for determining their ability to prevent microbial growth, reduce enzymatic browning, and maintain the sensory properties of fruits. Additionally, incorporating nanotechnology into edible coatings has the potential to enhance their properties, such as improved barrier functions, regulated release of active substances, and increased antimicrobial capabilities. Recent progress regarding the influence of edible coatings is emphasized in this review, demonstrating how they contribute to extending shelf life, maintaining quality, and minimizing postharvest losses of important tropical and citrus fresh/fresh-cut fruits on a global scale. Limitations: There were no limitations. Directions for future research: Despite their potential, challenges in production, storage, and commercial-scale usage exist, requiring continuous research and innovation. Overall, edible coatings show promise in reducing postharvest losses and promoting sustainable agricultural practices on a global scale.
Original Article
Plant Breeding and Biotechnology
Masoud Ahmadi-Afzadi; Helen Muranty; Charles-Eric Durel; Ibrahim Tahir; Hilde Nybom
Abstract
Purpose: Apple is one of the commercially most important fruits hosting a wide range of postharvest diseases that can threaten grower economy resulting in a yearly yield loss. Fungal diseases are the major problem in many countries, especially in organic culture as well as in countries with humid condition. ...
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Purpose: Apple is one of the commercially most important fruits hosting a wide range of postharvest diseases that can threaten grower economy resulting in a yearly yield loss. Fungal diseases are the major problem in many countries, especially in organic culture as well as in countries with humid condition. Among the postharvest diseases, blue mold (caused by Penicillium expansum) is one of the most important. This disease is very destructive on apple, not only due to the economic damage but also because of mycotoxin patulin production. Research method: In the present study, we used wound inoculation and fruit trait data along with a large set of SNP data from the Axiom®Apple 480 K array to explore possible QTLs associated with rate of lesion decay, ripening period, fruit firmness and softening. Findings: Due to the very large number of SNPs in the present study, the significance threshold (5.63) was higher than in most other Genome-Wide Association Studies. However, some close to significant associations involving lesion decay were found on linkage group 3 (LG3), spanning a distance of 537 Kb (from 30,527,077 to 31,064,205). Interestingly, two SNPs associated with ripening period were also found on LG3 at the same position (30,494,523–30,885,771). Research limitations: This study could be extended with inclusion of more cultivars from different locations in order to minimize the impact of environment and to enhance the study power. Originality/Value: Although the genetic mechanism of blue mold resistance seems to be controlled by several genes in apple, our results indicate a possible association on LG3 which needs to be further investigated for candidate gene targeting. This finding may help to understand the genetic mechanism of blue mold disease in apple.
Original Article
Postharvest Biology and Technology
Sonu Sharma; Ramana Rao V. Tadapaneni; Prakash R. Patel
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigates the influence of ultrasonic-homogenized alginate-based coatings on the quality and shelf-life of fresh-cut pineapple. As preservation of fresh-cut produces is still a challenging task for both producers and distributors. Research method: Alginate emulsion was prepared ...
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Purpose: This study investigates the influence of ultrasonic-homogenized alginate-based coatings on the quality and shelf-life of fresh-cut pineapple. As preservation of fresh-cut produces is still a challenging task for both producers and distributors. Research method: Alginate emulsion was prepared using sodium alginate, distilled water and glycerol. The primary emulsion was formulated by adding olive oil, citral and cinnamic acid into sodium alginate solution and subjected to ultrasonic homogenization for varying durations (0, 20, 40, and 60 minutes) at a fixed amplitude of 20 kHz. Changes in physicochemical properties, microbial activity, browning enzymes and sensory evaluation were studied after application of emulsions followed by storage under refrigeration. Findings: The viscosity of the resulting solutions decreased significantly from 110.84±25.67 mPa×s to 17.75±1.59, 10.41±0.54, and 7.74±0.39 mPa×s, respectively, while the average droplet diameter decreased to approximately 300 nm, indicating a shift from heterogeneous to homogeneous particle size distribution. Application of alginate-based coating effectively preserved freshness of pineapple, maintaining color and firmness, minimizing hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde accumulation and reducing weight loss percentage. Furthermore, it retained levels of ascorbic acid and total phenolics, delayed enzymatic activities such as polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and inhibited growth of mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and molds compared to control and primary emulsion coated samples. Research limitations: There were no limitations. Originality/Value: The study extended shelf-life of fresh-cut pineapple up to 12 days when stored at 5°C±1°C. The findings underscore the efficacy of ultrasonic-homogenized alginate coatings in improving coating solution homogeneity, thereby enhancing functionality as an edible coating for fresh-cut pineapple preservation.
Original Article
Postharvest Biology and Technology
Javad Fattahi Moghadam; Seyedeh Elham Seyedghasemi; Negin Akhlaghi Amiri
Abstract
Purpose: Citrus is one of the most important horticultural products in Iran. Fruit quality is usually influenced by variety, rootstock, and postharvest conditions. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the fruit quality and storability of three orange cultivars on two rootstocks. Research ...
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Purpose: Citrus is one of the most important horticultural products in Iran. Fruit quality is usually influenced by variety, rootstock, and postharvest conditions. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the fruit quality and storability of three orange cultivars on two rootstocks. Research method: Fruits of Navelina, Lane Late, and Thomson Novel on two rootstocks (Citrumelo and C35) were harvested when the TSS/TA ratio reached about 6.5-7. Fruit quality characteristics were evaluated at harvest and in cold storage (5°C, RH=85%) for 60 days. Findings: The fruits of all three cultivars on both rootstocks had arithmetic, geometrical, and homogenous diameter values close to the equivalent diameter value. The weight loss of ‘Lane Late’ was higher than the ‘Thomson’ and ‘Navelina’ fruits on both rootstocks during storage. ‘Navelina’ fruits on Citrumelo had reserved more juice percentage during storage. The TSS/TA index was lower in ‘Lane Late’ compared to the other cultivars on both rootstocks. A decrease in ascorbic acid was observed during storage. The peel greenness (a*=-10.53) was the lowest at ‘Lane Late’ fruit grafted on C35. The best CCI index was observed in ‘Navelina’ peel on both rootstocks. ‘Lane Late’ had the lowest antioxidant capacity on C35 (59.26%) and more antioxidant capacity (71.5%) on Citrumelo. Based on the sensory evaluation, ‘Navelina’ and ‘Thomson’ scored more points regarding the appearance and aroma of the C35 rootstock. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: The ‘Navelina’ has good color, good storage quality, and is early ripening. ‘Lane Late’ is a late ripening variety that is slow to de-green and is not suitable for cultivation in the north of Iran.
Original Article
Medicinal Plants
Elahe Ghafourian Hozouri Esfahan; Majid Azizi; Hassan Rakhshandeh; Hamid Sadeghian
Abstract
Purpose: Due to the short-day nature of the velvet bean, which triggers flowering in the autumn with decreasing day length, its production in temperate and high-latitude regions under greenhouse conditions requires modifications in its flowering and fruiting habits. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize ...
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Purpose: Due to the short-day nature of the velvet bean, which triggers flowering in the autumn with decreasing day length, its production in temperate and high-latitude regions under greenhouse conditions requires modifications in its flowering and fruiting habits. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize L-DOPA production by investigating photoperiod changes and hormonal regulation to encourage flowering and fruiting under greenhouse conditions. Research Method: Treatments included photoperiod at two levels (13-hour darkness and natural day length) as the first factor and growth regulators at seven levels (50 and 100 mg of gibberellin, 20 and 50 mg of paclobutrazol, 50 and 100 mg of cytokinin, and a control treatment) as the second factor. Findings: the effects of photoperiod, growth regulators, and their interaction were significant for all traits except for internode length. The natural light treatment resulted in a 3% delay in flowering compared to the 13-hour dark treatment, whereas the 13-hour dark treatment exhibited higher fruit weight, seed yield, and L-DOPA content (18%) compared to the natural light. Moreover, the application of 50 mg paclobutrazol reduced the days to flowering by 55 days compared to the control. On the other hand, the 50 mg paclobutrazol treatment showed significant increases in fruit weight (59%), seed yield (65%), and L-DOPA content (31%) compared to the control. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: Overall, extending the dark period improved velvet beans' yield and yield components. Furthermore, paclobutrazol enhanced yield more effectively than gibberellin and cytokinin. Based on the experiment, the best treatment for achieving maximum quantitative yield and L-DOPA content was 13-hour darkness combined with 50 mg of paclobutrazol.
Original Article
Ornamental Plants
Azadeh Mousavi Bazaz; Amirali Salavati Nik; Hajar Nemati
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of seed priming on Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) seedlings under saline conditions, focusing on salicylic acid and potassium nitrate treatments. Research method: The research was conducted at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2024. F1 ...
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Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of seed priming on Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) seedlings under saline conditions, focusing on salicylic acid and potassium nitrate treatments. Research method: The research was conducted at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2024. F1 Seeds of the 'Sunstorm Red' were primed with salicylic acid (150, 250 and 350 mg/L) and potassium nitrate (50 and 100 mg/L) for 24 hours. A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications assessed four salinity levels (0, 4, 6, and 8 dS/m) and two sowing methods: direct sowing in pots and indirect sowing via germination in petri dishes followed by transplantation. Traits such as relative water content, SPAD index, electrolyte leakage, were measured 65 days after sowing. Findings: Seed priming significantly reduced the negative effects of salinity. Potassium nitrate priming outperformed salicylic acid in enhancing relative water content, SPAD index, stem and root lengths, and biomass. Direct sowing showed better resistance to salinity compared to indirect sowing, particularly in improving stem length, root length, and SPAD index. Primed seeds exhibited higher germination rates and stronger seedlings with enhanced growth characteristics compared to untreated seeds. Research limitations: The study was limited to specific priming agents and salinity levels, suggesting further research to optimize potassium nitrate concentrations for improved seedling production. Originality/Value: This research recommends potassium nitrate priming for robust C. roseus seedling production in saline environments. The findings can guide growers in selecting cost-effective priming strategies to enhance plant resilience and productivity sustainably.
Original Article
Postharvest Biology and Technology
Oluwagbenga Oluwasola Adeogun; Adeniyi Adetola Sanyaolu; Temitope Oluwaseun Samuel; Aliyu Abubakar; Mosqurat Abiola Agbabiaka; Adedotun Adeyinka Adekunle
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigated the effectiveness of tragacanth gum (TG) coatings integrated with peppermint oil (PO) in controlling pathogenic fungi in banana fruits. Research Method: The research specifically evaluated the in-vitro and in-vivo responses of these coating agents on fungal pathogens ...
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Purpose: This study investigated the effectiveness of tragacanth gum (TG) coatings integrated with peppermint oil (PO) in controlling pathogenic fungi in banana fruits. Research Method: The research specifically evaluated the in-vitro and in-vivo responses of these coating agents on fungal pathogens and assessed their impact on peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities in banana fruits. Findings: The study revealed that tragacanth gum integrated with peppermint oil (TGPO) effectively inhibited the growth of Colletotrichum musae and Aspergillus fumigatus in bananas. TGPO-treated fruits exhibited significantly lower disease incidence (32.67±1.00 % for C. musae and 28±1.00 % for A. fumigatus) and severity compared to the controls after 14 days. The treatment also maintained higher catalase and peroxidase enzymatic activities, indicating enhanced disease resistance. Furthermore, TGPO-treated bananas retained better quality parameters during the 15-day storage period, including optimal pH levels, lower total soluble solids, reduced water activity, greater firmness, and decreased electrical conductivity. Research limitations: No limitations were identified during the course of carrying out this study. Originality/Value: The originality and value of this work lie in being the first study to investigate TGPO as a natural preservative coating for bananas. While previous research has examined various edible coatings and essential oils separately, this study uniquely demonstrates how integrating tragacanth gum and peppermint oil creates an effective, eco-friendly solution for extending banana shelf life by controlling fungal pathogens (particularly C. musae and A. fumigatus) while maintaining fruit quality. This novel approach addresses growing consumer demand for natural food preservation methods while potentially reducing post-harvest losses in the banana industry.
Original Article
Pomology
Waleed Fouad Abobatta; Ahmed A. Farag
Abstract
Purpose: Citrus is one of the most significant fruit crops in the world, and there are huge amounts of citrus in Egypt, especially orange. Shortage of water resources is the main challenge for citrus production, therefore, proper management of water resources for orange orchards is essential in Egypt. ...
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Purpose: Citrus is one of the most significant fruit crops in the world, and there are huge amounts of citrus in Egypt, especially orange. Shortage of water resources is the main challenge for citrus production, therefore, proper management of water resources for orange orchards is essential in Egypt. Research Method: The current study’s objective was to calculate the water footprint components of orange production in four governorates (Beheira, Gharbia, Menoufia, and Sharqiya) during 2020-2023. Findings: Data indicated that different irrigation rates affected tree growth, tree yield, total yield, yield efficiency, and fruit quality. Results showed that trees grown in the Salhyia area recorded the highest values of canopy ratio increment (42.21%), N leaf content (2.46%), yield efficiency (5.92 kg/m3), tree yield (132.00 kg/tree), total yield (52.80 tons/ha), TSS/TA ratio value (11.75), and the lowest acidity value (0.99 %). The highest values of leaf K content (1.76%), and vitamin C (42.83) were recorded in Al Mahalla El Kubra region, while the highest P leaf content (0.314%) was observed in Ashmoun district. Data showed that water use efficiency was lower in surface irrigation with a value of 3.71 kg orange/m3 water and higher in drip irrigation with a value of 3.81 kg orange/m3 water. Research limitations: There was no limitation. Originality/Value: Regarding water footprint components, data revealed that the drip irrigation system had lower green, grey and total water footprint values than surface irrigation. In contrast, the blue water footprint was the height under the drip irrigation system rather than the surface irrigation system.
Original Article
Pomology
Ahmed S. Abd El-Rahman; Fawzia I. Moursy; Amira Sh. Soliman; Mohamed A. Abd El-Wahab; Alaa A. Khalil
Abstract
Purpose: Climatic circumstances are significant determinants in the formation and growth of the vine. Due to variations in climatic parameters, high-temperature affects phenology, the ripening period, and physicochemical characteristics are detrimental to the quality of the grapes produced and gradually ...
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Purpose: Climatic circumstances are significant determinants in the formation and growth of the vine. Due to variations in climatic parameters, high-temperature affects phenology, the ripening period, and physicochemical characteristics are detrimental to the quality of the grapes produced and gradually decrease the yield. Research method: This investigation studies the effect of heat units on the yield and fruit quality of some grape cultivars in different regions of Egypt. This trial evaluates two grape cultivars (Flame Seedless and Crimson Seedless) grown in three distinct locations (El-Behira, El-Menoufia, and El-Minia governorates) during seasons (2021 and 2022). Findings: Heat units negatively affect the phenological dates of the grape growth cycle. However, the warmer regions (El-Minia governorate) accelerated various phases or stages in the phenological development of grapevines, including bud burst, full flowering, fruit set, veraison, and grape maturity as compared to the moderate regions (El-Behira and El-Menoufia governorates). Regarding yield and its attributes, the moderate regions (El-Behira and El-Menoufia governorates) had the highest yield. They improved the bunch physiochemical attributes of Flame Seedless and Crimson Seedless grapes compared to the warmer region (El-Minia governorate). Research limitations: There were no limits. Originality/Value: Heat units negatively affect the phenological stages of grape growth (bud break, full flowering, fruit set, veraison, and grape maturity) and physicochemical characteristics.
Original Article
Postharvest Biology and Technology
Senthilkumar Shricharan; Akshay Ramaswamy Deenadayalan; Bhavesh Vadher; Kumar J Hemanth; Arghyadeep Ashok Bhattacharjee
Abstract
Purpose: Pomegranate is of considerable economic significance, with Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Gujarat serving as the primary cultivation regions. Despite the high production levels, postharvest losses are serious, with certain fruits experiencing fruit cracking, fungal infections, and poor handling ...
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Purpose: Pomegranate is of considerable economic significance, with Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Gujarat serving as the primary cultivation regions. Despite the high production levels, postharvest losses are serious, with certain fruits experiencing fruit cracking, fungal infections, and poor handling during transportation, resulting in postharvest losses of up to 35%. For controlling postharvest infections in a variety of fruits and vegetables, synthetic fungicides are incredibly effective. Research Method: VeSolution is a GRAS salt-based formulation with antimicrobial properties developed to assess its efficacy in minimizing fruit rotting. Therefore, the present investigation examined the effectiveness of VeSolution in reducing these postharvest losses. The infected fruits were used to isolate and identify fungal pathogens. Subsequently, the antifungal efficacy of the VeSolution formulation was assessed by both in vitro and in vivo methodologies. The in vitro investigations entailed evaluating the formulation's inhibitory effects on mycelial growth of identified fungal pathogens on PDA plates. In the in vivo evaluation, artificially inoculated pomegranate fruits were subjected to VeSolution treatment to test their effectiveness in mitigating rot advancement. Finally, VeSolution-treated pomegranates were exposed to supply chain conditions to assess their practical efficacy. Critical parameters, including rot advancement, in-transit spoiling, and fruit quality were assessed. Findings: Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., and Coinella sp. were identified as fungi associated with pomegranate fruit rotting. The results indicated that the growth of the fungal colony was substantially inhibited by the 2% and 5% concentrations of VeSolution. The fruit rot development and progression were effectively restricted by the 2% VeSolution, as confirmed by in vivo assessments. Subsequent pilot and large-scale trials demonstrated that 1% VeSolution substantially reduced rot during longer (> 24 h) transportation periods. Research limitations: There were no limitations. Originality/Value: These results emphasise VeSolution as a viable and non-toxic alternative to conventional synthetic fungicides for maintaining the postharvest quality of pomegranates.
Original Article
Tropical Fruits
Ebrahim Saboki; Azam Jafari
Abstract
Purpose: Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) is a tropical fruit of significant economic importance worldwide. The cultivation of this crop is influenced by various factors, including the growth media, which directly affect plant growth, yield, and fruit quality. Therefore, selecting the appropriate ...
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Purpose: Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) is a tropical fruit of significant economic importance worldwide. The cultivation of this crop is influenced by various factors, including the growth media, which directly affect plant growth, yield, and fruit quality. Therefore, selecting the appropriate growth medium is crucial for achieving optimal pineapple production. Research method: This study was conducted over four years and evaluated five growing medium treatments: 1) a control consisting of field soil, sand, and animal manure; 2) peat moss and perlite; 3) peat moss, perlite, and sand; 4) cocopeat and perlite; and 5) cocopeat, perlite, and sand. Each treatment was replicated three times, with six pots per replicate, arranged in a randomized complete block design under a shade system with drip irrigation in Chabahar, located in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Findings: The results indicated that the cocopeat, perlite, and sand mixture significantly outperformed the other treatments in terms of vegetative growth and yield. The fruit weights with crown for the main plant and ratoon grown in this medium were 1208 and 851 g, respectively, with corresponding yields of 101,173 and 62,240 kg/ha, respectively. A combination of cocopeat, perlite, and sand has proven to be the optimal growth medium for pineapple cultivation. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: This study demonstrated that this specific mixture significantly enhanced vegetative growth, fruit yield, and overall plant health compared with the other tested media. These results suggest that this growing medium can be effectively used for pineapple production in a controlled environment.
Original Article
Postharvest Biology and Technology
Nhi Yen Dinh; Da Uyen Tran Dao; Loan Thi Thanh Cao; Phu Hong Le; Diep Thi Ngoc Tran
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to determine optimal storage conditions for preserving ten-year-old fresh Ngoc Linh ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.), a highly valued medicinal plant grown in the Ngoc Linh mountain region of Vietnam. Effective postharvest storage methods are important to maintain ...
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Purpose: This study aimed to determine optimal storage conditions for preserving ten-year-old fresh Ngoc Linh ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.), a highly valued medicinal plant grown in the Ngoc Linh mountain region of Vietnam. Effective postharvest storage methods are important to maintain Ngoc Linh ginseng’s quality and phytochemical integrity. Research Method: Ethylene production and respiration rates of Ngoc Linh ginseng were evaluated, followed by a preliminary investigation in the dry season to understand the impact of temperature on its quality and shelf life. Finally, subsequent experiments were implemented in both seasons to determine the optimal storage temperature. Findings: Ethylene production and respiration rates of the Ngoc Linh ginseng were consistently low in both the dry and rainy seasons. The ginseng experienced severe dehydration and fungal decay at room temperature, while storage at 0 °C led to chilling injuries. Higher temperatures of 10 °C and 15 °C accelerated the deterioration of the ginseng. In contrast, storage at 3 °C and 6 °C significantly extended the ginseng's shelf life. A follow-up experiment confirmed that 3 °C was the most effective for retaining freshness, skin brightness, visual sensory attributes, and total saponin content in Ngoc Linh ginseng in both seasons over 35 days. Research limitations: No limitations were identified. Originality/Value: This is the first study on extending the fresh storage of Ngoc Linh ginseng, a highly valuable herb of Vietnam. Identifying 3 °C as the optimal storage temperature provides a potential standard for fresh ginseng preservation and supports future research and commercial applications.
Original Article
Postharvest Biology and Technology
Farid Moradinezhad; Maryam Dorostkar; Razyeh Niazmand; Gholamreza Doraki
Abstract
Purpose: The microbial load and nutritional value of products have always been important issues in human nutrition. This research aimed to identify and determine the microbial levels and total antioxidant contents of dry, seedless barberry fruits collected from different regions of South Khorasan Province, ...
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Purpose: The microbial load and nutritional value of products have always been important issues in human nutrition. This research aimed to identify and determine the microbial levels and total antioxidant contents of dry, seedless barberry fruits collected from different regions of South Khorasan Province, which is the main production area in Iran. Research Method: Fruit samples were prepared from four regions, including the Birjand region, Zirkoh region, Darmian region, and Qaen region. Chemical traits and microbial analysis were evaluated. The microbial load was determined and compared with the maximum limit (ML) standards. Findings: Microbiological analyses of fruits from the Birjand region, Zirkoh region, Darmian region and Qaen region revealed that, fortunately, E. coli bacteria were not found in any of the studied regions. However, the highest amounts of total aerobic bacteria (4.60 log10 CFU.g-1) and yeast/mold bacteria (4.17 log10 CFU.g-1) were obtained from fruits prepared from the Darmian region, which was higher than the standard defined by the Food and Drug Organization of Iran. The highest coliform level was related to the fruits of the Darmian region (1.69 log10 CFU.g-1) and the Qaen region (1.69 log10 CFU.g-1), which were lower than those of the MLs. Considering the standards defined with the MLs in Iran, the microbial load regulations in Iran exhibit a higher level of stringency than those in other nations do. Additionally, chemical analyses revealed that the highest amount of total soluble solids and the lowest pH of fruit juice were from the fruits of the Birjand region. The highest amount of titratable acidity and the highest antioxidant activity were related to the fruits of the Qaen region. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: The nutritional value of barberry fruit is the highest in the Qaen region, followed by the Birjand region. Although the pre- and postharvest stages can affect the microbial load of products, storage conditions during the drying period of seedless barberry fruits play a crucial role in determining the microbial load.
Original Article
Food Science and Technology
Shirazoom Munira; Md. Yamin Kabir; Shamim Ahmed Kamal Uddin Khan; Md. Iftekhar Shams
Abstract
Purpose: Mango is a well-known fruit in tropical and sub-tropical countries, including Bangladesh. However, mangoes are climacteric fruits and exhibit limited storage life due to a high respiration rate. Mangoes are also susceptible to particular storage pathogens at postharvest and thus possess a short ...
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Purpose: Mango is a well-known fruit in tropical and sub-tropical countries, including Bangladesh. However, mangoes are climacteric fruits and exhibit limited storage life due to a high respiration rate. Mangoes are also susceptible to particular storage pathogens at postharvest and thus possess a short shelf life. Research Method: Mature mangoes were treated with different concentrations of chitin nanofiber (CNF) and stored in ambient conditions to evaluate the effect of CNF (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%) on postharvest quality and shelf life. Disease-free and physiologically mature mangoes were collected from an orchard. The experiment was devised following a Completely Randomized Design with three replications, and each replication consisted of 10 fruits. Fruits were evaluated for physical quality (weight loss, fruit firmness, and color changes), chemical attributes [ changes in total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C content], microbial (disease incidence and disease severity), and shelf life. Findings: The application of 0.3% CNF maintains fruit color (6.33 vs. 4), decreases disease incidence (62.5% vs. 100%) and prolongs the shelf life (8.5 days vs. 6.02 days) of mangoes than the control. Similarly, 0.1% of CNF retains vitamin C (24.33 mg/100g vs. 12.33 mg/100g), decreases disease severity (62% vs. 85.68%), and 0.5% of CNF reduces weight loss (19.34% vs. 31.4%) than the control. Research Limitations: CNF preparation requires lab facilities and technical expertise, and it is costly. Originality/Value: CNF 0.3% has the potential to maintain postharvest quality and extend the shelf life of mangoes. However, more research is needed to make the final recommendation at the farmers’ level.
Original Article
Postharvest Biology and Technology
Elhadi M. Yahia; José de Jesús Ornelas-Paz; Claudia Inés Victoria-Campos
Abstract
Purpose: Tocopherols (vitamin E) are important bioactive components in some fruits, possessing potent antioxidant activity and exerting a significant influence on metabolic pathways, human nutrition, and health. However, the content of tocopherols in apple fruit peels and pulp has scarcely been investigated. ...
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Purpose: Tocopherols (vitamin E) are important bioactive components in some fruits, possessing potent antioxidant activity and exerting a significant influence on metabolic pathways, human nutrition, and health. However, the content of tocopherols in apple fruit peels and pulp has scarcely been investigated. Research method: Fruits of eight apple cultivars were evaluated for color, total soluble solids (TSS), and tocopherols from both the pulp and peels were extracted and analyzed. Findings: The content of a-tocopherol (0.073–0.656 and 0.01–0.02 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW) in the peel and pulp, respectively) was higher than that d-tocopherol (0.002–0.01 and 0.0001–0.0014 mg 100 g FW in the peel and pulp, respectively), and both tocopherols were higher in the peels than in the pulp. The content of a-tocopherol followed the order: ‘Braeburn’ > ‘Golden Delicious’ > ‘Rome’ > ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Royal Gala’ > ‘Jonagold’ > ‘Fuji’ > ‘Granny Smith’. Low levels of d-tocopherol were detected in the peels. ‘Granny Smith’ apples had the highest d-tocopherol content in the peel (0.01 mg 100 g FW), whereas ‘Rome Beauty’, ‘Royal Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apples exhibited the lowest levels (0.002 mg 100 g FW). Research limitations: There were no limitations identified. Originality/Value: Our results indicate that tocopherols content in apple peels and pulp is relatively low compared to other types of fruits rich in vitamin E. However, regular consumption of whole apples may contribute to daily vitamin E intake and help prevent the oxidation of lipophilic biomolecules.
Review Article
Medicinal Plants
Bujaningrum Ega Agustina; Berna Elya; Roshamur Cahyan Forestrani
Abstract
Purpose: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tropical plant native to Southeast Asia, widely used for traditional and emerging therapeutic purposes. This review investigates the environmental and physiological determinants of phytochemical variation in Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), with a focus on optimizing ...
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Purpose: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tropical plant native to Southeast Asia, widely used for traditional and emerging therapeutic purposes. This review investigates the environmental and physiological determinants of phytochemical variation in Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), with a focus on optimizing alkaloid yield and raw material quality. As kratom gains commercial traction, particularly in Western markets, the need for standardizing cultivation practices becomes increasingly urgent. Findings: Geographic origin significantly influences mitragynine content, with native Southeast Asian samples displaying higher and more consistent levels than those cultivated elsewhere. Environmental factors such as light exposure, temperature, soil acidity, and nutrient composition play crucial roles in modulating both plant morphology and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Internally, leaf maturity, organ specificity, and vein color are linked to variable alkaloid profiles, reflecting genetic and developmental influences. Alkaloid biosynthesis is regulated not only by climate and geography but also at the molecular level through gene–environment interactions. Studies across continents and related species further underscore the diversity and adaptability of the genus. These findings suggest that integrated, site-specific agronomic strategies are essential to support kratom’s evolution as a standardized phytopharmaceutical. Limitations: Most existing studies are regionally constrained, lack standardized methodology, and rarely incorporate multi-site or molecular validation, limiting their broader applicability. Directions for future research: Future work should prioritize field-based, multi-environment trials to validate the effects of environmental variables on alkaloid biosynthesis and biomass traits. In addition, controlled environment experiments, genetic profiling, and enzyme-specific biosynthetic studies are essential to refine cultivation protocols and support regulatory frameworks. Integrative agronomic and phytochemical modeling is also needed to guide the development of standardized and high-quality kratom production systems.
Original Article
Ornamental Plants
Lorelyn Joy Noble Turnos-Milagrosa
Abstract
Purpose: Floral preservative vase solutions commonly use citric acid to reduce the pH of water, thereby extending the vase life of cut flowers. This study was conducted to explore the potential of hydrating solutions in extending the vase life of roses and reducing the production of ethylene. Research ...
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Purpose: Floral preservative vase solutions commonly use citric acid to reduce the pH of water, thereby extending the vase life of cut flowers. This study was conducted to explore the potential of hydrating solutions in extending the vase life of roses and reducing the production of ethylene. Research Method: Cut roses were used to evaluate the efficacy of hydrating solutions (calamondin juice, cinnamon and garlic powder extracts and bamboo wood vinegar) and stem cutting every two days to increase the vase life and slow down changes in the visual quality parameters when added in vase solution. Findings: Cut roses subjected to calamondin extract (20 ml/L) had a statistically longer vase life of 11.67 days (37.29% higher than the control), followed by bamboo wood vinegar (9.67 days or 13.76%), while untreated samples had 8.50 days (p value = 0.000). Roses treated with cinnamon powder and ginger extract attained limit of fitness for decoration at Day 8. During the peak of ripening at day 7, calamondin treatments reduced the ethylene concentration by 10.60% and resulted in the highest carbon dioxide (0.87% vol), which was statistically different from the other treatments. Research limitations: No limitations were identified in the study. Originality/Value: The study demonstrated that the addition of calamondin extract significantly slows down deteriorative changes in cut flowers. Given the economic feasibility and widespread availability of calamondin fruits in local markets, this postharvest treatment presents a practical and cost-effective option for flower vendors.
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