Medicinal Plants
Siphokuhle Mbuyisa; Isa Bertling; Bonga Lewis Ngcobo
Abstract
Purpose: The study was conducted to evaluate growth, physiological, morphological and yield response of gem squash plants following soil drench application of different plant extracts. Research method: A pot experiment conducted in the glasshouse was laid out following complete randomized design (CRD), ...
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Purpose: The study was conducted to evaluate growth, physiological, morphological and yield response of gem squash plants following soil drench application of different plant extracts. Research method: A pot experiment conducted in the glasshouse was laid out following complete randomized design (CRD), with five replications. Thirty healthy, similar-sized gem squash plants were grown and treated with different treatments (plant extracts). Treatments included: Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE), aloe vera leaf extract (ALvE), garlic bulb extract (GBE), ginger rhizome extract (GRE), moringa leaf extract (MLE) and the control (no application). Findings: The soil drench application of plant extracts, especially ANE and MLE, had the best growth response of gem squash plants compared with other treatments and the control. Plants treated with ANE and MLE produced a greater number of leaves and branches and simultaneously produced broader leaf area compared to other plant extracts and the control. ANE-treated plants produced the highest leaf chlorophyll concentration, followed by ALvE and MLE. All plant extracts, ANE, MLE, ALvE and GBE, significantly increased the total dry biomass, except GRE was not significantly different from the control. The yield parameters, viz. total fruit yield, fruit mass and fruit diameter, were positively affected by all treatments applied, although ANE- and MLE-treated plants yielded the largest number of fruit/plants, heaviest fruit and biggest fruit compared to other treatments. Research limitations: There were no limitations identified. Originality/Value: Although further studies on plant extracts usage are still required, this study highlight the potential of plant extracts, especially ANE and MLE, as a natural biostimulants to improve growth and yield attributes of gem squash has been demonstrated.
Medicinal Plants
Mehrab Yadegari
Abstract
Purpose: Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. belongs to the Lamiaceae family, is one of the important and endangered endemic species in Iran. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of micronutrient elements application on the content and composition of essential oil of D. kotschyi Boiss. ...
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Purpose: Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. belongs to the Lamiaceae family, is one of the important and endangered endemic species in Iran. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of micronutrient elements application on the content and composition of essential oil of D. kotschyi Boiss. shoots in southwestern Iran (Shahrekord) in 2022 and 2023. Research Methods: Four foliar fertilizers including Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were applied in 0, 20, 40 and 60 mg.l-1 in RCBD design by factorial layout and 3 replications. Findings: Results obtained from gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed 14 essential oil components. According to obtained results, applied micronutrients significantly influenced the essential oil content/ composition of D.kotschyi. In both years, the highest content of essential oil (0.98-0.99 %) was obtained in plants treated with 40 mg.l-1of micronutrients (Fe2Cu2Zn2Mn2) and the lowest content (0.59-0.66%) made by control plants (0 mg.l-1), however the plants treated by 60 mg.l-1of micronutrients in most characters were in a same group with the control plants. The most important chemical compounds that determine the quality of D. kotschyi essential oil including Neral (9.02-16.31%), Limonene (25.4-35.6%), Geranial (8.6-16.5%), Eucalyptol (3.89-8.01%) and Myrtenol (22.5-32.1%) were identified alcoholic monoterpenes. Limonene belonging to monoterpene hydrocarbons was the predominant constituent of the D. kotschyi. Limitations: There were no limitations to the report. Originality/Value: The foliar application of micronutrients at 40 mg.l-1 (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) can be a good strategy to improve the essential oil quantity and quality of D.kotschyi in cold and semi-arid climates.
Medicinal Plants
Masoomeh Amerian; Mahmud Khoramivafa; Amir Palangi; Golamreza Gohari; Georgia Ntatsi
Abstract
Purpose: This research has investigated the effect of different levels of nitrogen and selenium on some growth and physiological characteristics of garlic leaves. Research method: This research was done as a factorial in the form of randomized complete blocks in 3 replications. The first factor included ...
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Purpose: This research has investigated the effect of different levels of nitrogen and selenium on some growth and physiological characteristics of garlic leaves. Research method: This research was done as a factorial in the form of randomized complete blocks in 3 replications. The first factor included four levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1) and the second factor included three levels of selenium (0, 5, and 10 mgL-1). Findings: In all four nitrogen levels, with increasing selenium concentration, plant height (69.66 cm), fresh weight (10.66 g m2), and dry weight (51.33 g m2) of leaf increased. The highest amount of photosynthetic pigments was observed in the treatment of 150 kg ha-1 of nitrogen along with 10 mg L-1 of sodium selenate. Nitrogen and selenium increased antioxidant capacity (45.69 μmol g-1FW), total phenol (295.60 mg 100 g-1FW) and ascorbic acid (18.30 mg 100 g-1FW). Contrary to selenium, nitrogen increased the amount of allicin in garlic leaf, and the highest amount of allicin (0.33 mgmL-1) was in the treatment of 150 kg ha-1 of nitrogen along with 0 mgL-1 of sodium selenate. The maximum plant height and wet and dry weight of the leaf were observed in the treatments of selenium and nitrogen, which shows the positive effect of both elements on increasing the amount of chlorophyll synthesis and, as a result increasing the amount of photosynthesis and carbon fixation, which ultimately will have, increasing the growth rate of garlic plant. Research limitations: None were found to report. Originality/Value: As a result, the treatment of 150 kg ha-1 of nitrogen along with 10 mgL-1 of sodium selenate is recommended to increase the antioxidant compounds of garlic leaf, which is a good source of these compounds and selenium in early spring, which also plays an essential role in human health.
Medicinal Plants
Ebrahim Fani
Abstract
Purpose: Purslane plant is used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. This study aimed to study some physiological and biochemical reactions of Portulaca oleracea to salinity stress and the effect of silica fertilizer application in reducing the harmful effects of salinity stress on climatic conditions ...
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Purpose: Purslane plant is used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. This study aimed to study some physiological and biochemical reactions of Portulaca oleracea to salinity stress and the effect of silica fertilizer application in reducing the harmful effects of salinity stress on climatic conditions of Behbahan city in southwestern of Iran. Research Method: Purslane seeds were planted in plastic pots. Salinity treatment was considered at two levels of 0 and 200 mM NaCl and silica fertilizer treatment were considered at two levels of 0 and 2g/l. Findings: Results revealed that with increase salinity concentration, plant height, amount of soluble sugar, amount of soluble protein and chlorophyll b significantly decreased. The use of silica fertilizer had a positive effect on the mentioned traits in comparison with its non-use. Based on the results, the use of silica fertilizer increased plant height, soluble sugar, and soluble protein by 16.19, 25.35 and 28.74%, respectively, compared to its non-use in salinity conditions on the Portulaca oleracea plant, which is very important due to the salinity of a large areas of agricultural lands in Iran. Research limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: This study showed that silica fertilizer, compared to its non-application, increased plant height and photosynthetic pigments and reduced the harmful effects of salinity stress on Portulaca oleracea. Therefore, both in the condition of lack of salinity and in the condition of salinity stress, the use of silica fertilizer is suggested in comparison with its non-use in order to improve the measured traits.
Medicinal Plants
Fatima Zahra El Grah; Salma Malak Bennasser; Hamza El Ghazali; Rachid Ait Hammou; Cherif Harrouni; Salma Daoud
Abstract
Purpose: Moroccan saffron is considered among the best quality produce worldwide. Its main production zones in Morocco are Taliwine and Taznakht administrative districts, located in the semiarid and arid bioclimatic ranges. The present study objective is the chemical characterization of Moroccan saffron ...
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Purpose: Moroccan saffron is considered among the best quality produce worldwide. Its main production zones in Morocco are Taliwine and Taznakht administrative districts, located in the semiarid and arid bioclimatic ranges. The present study objective is the chemical characterization of Moroccan saffron from the main producing counties in relation with climatic conditions, altitude, soil, and irrigation water. Research method: Saffron, soil and water samples were taken from 10 counties representing 80% of the production areas and underwent analysis using standard methods. Findings: Results showed that 80% of saffron samples are classified in category I, regarding crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal contents, according to the international standard ISO 3632-1. Soils supporting saffron cultivation are coarse and low in organic matter; their pH is alkaline and the EC low. Irrigation water is generally alkaline with low to very low EC. Statistical analysis showed that moderate altitude (1650-1900m) in the semiarid bio-climatic range had a positive effect on saffron quality (higher picrocrocin and crocin contents). Safranal was not influenced by altitude or by the bio-climate. Water and soil did not show any influence on saffron quality. Research limitations: As some cooperatives had organizational problems, it was not possible to get saffron samples from high altitude in the arid bioclimatic range in 2017 and 2018. Originality/Value: The most important value of the present work is the large number of samples distributed over three years and covering 80% of the production territory, which enabled to distinguish an effect of bio-climate and altitude on picrocrocin and crocin.
Medicinal Plants
Amin Nameni; Ghodsieh Bagherzade; Maryam Moudi; Pouya Ghamari Kargar
Abstract
Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the chemical, physicochemical, and antibacterial properties of Agaricus bisporus collected from the Zarnagh region (province of East Azerbaijan, northwestern Iran), to enhance health quality, and economic exploitation in pharmaceutics, food, and ...
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Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the chemical, physicochemical, and antibacterial properties of Agaricus bisporus collected from the Zarnagh region (province of East Azerbaijan, northwestern Iran), to enhance health quality, and economic exploitation in pharmaceutics, food, and agriculture industries. The methanol extracts of Agaricus bisporus mushroom (maceration extraction method), was screened for chemicals properties. Research Method: All chemicals were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Fruiting bodies of wild edible mushrooms (A. bisporus) were collected from the Z. region. The methanolic extracts were evaluated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to the ultraviolet detector analysis. The antibacterial activities were carried out by using three bacteria. Findings: The results of chemical and nutritional factors include crude protein (46.62 ± 0.19 g/100g), crude fat (10.59 ± 0.13 g/100g), fiber (17.76 ± 0.32 g/100g), carbohydrate (1.56 ± 0.27 g/100g) and total energy (288.3 ± 2.61 Kcal). Potassium, iron, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and copper in considerable quantities were found in the wild edible mushroom from the Z. region. The eight compounds were identified in the crude methanolic extract by GC-MS analysis. Rutin, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol identified by HPLC-UV analysis. The highest inhibitory activity was noticed against E. coli (PTCC 1399) with 22±0.2 mm (diameter of inhibition zone) for methanol extract. Limitations: There was no significant limitation to the report. Originality/Value: Briefly, there is no much information about the chemical profile of wild mushrooms of Iran, and this work is the first study on the chemical and antibacterial properties of Agaricus bisporus mushrooms.
Medicinal Plants
Puran Bridgemohan; Ronell S. H. Bridgemohan; Majeed Mohammed; Mathew Deitch; Hana Sarran
Abstract
Purpose: Fresh leaves of cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.), and culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.,) are used interchangeably based on similar odor, aroma and flavor and considered culinary substitutes. Cilantro is ethnically called “false coriander” and a mixed method approach to determine the ...
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Purpose: Fresh leaves of cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.), and culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.,) are used interchangeably based on similar odor, aroma and flavor and considered culinary substitutes. Cilantro is ethnically called “false coriander” and a mixed method approach to determine the possibility of crop mimicry was reviewed. Critical analysis was done on botanical, phylogenic traits and trees, dendogram, molecular, and phytochemical similarities of the odorants. Findings: The study indicated that C. sativum and E. foetidum, belonged to two different subfamilies of Apiaceae, appeared morphologically divergent, but phytochemically similar in aroma and odorants indicating a classical example of convergent evolution in the plant kingdom. Five odor clusters with over 20 similar phytochemicals with the co‐elution of E‐2‐alkenals and E‐2‐alken‐1‐ols were identified. Greater levels E‐2‐dodecenal in E. foetidum (63.5%) compared to C. sativum, (26.0%) accounted for dominant odor which is found in crop mimics due to selective agricultural practices and the evolution of agricultural races of weeds. Multiple mechanisms explained how plant mimic evolved from “de‐domestication” and hybridization. Evolutionary origins and genetic diversity characterized genomics of E. foetidum as an aggressive aromatic pungent weed, and C. sativum as a fragrant herb. Limitations: There are no limitations in this review. Directions for future research: Organolepticpreference for the essential oils of coriander seeds and a clearer understanding of the phytochemical relationships between C. sativum and E. foetidum are required.
Medicinal Plants
Fatemeh Borna; Vahideh Nazeri; Fatemeh Ghaziani; Majid Shokrpour
Abstract
Purpose: Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca), a medicinal plant of the Lamiaceae family, has a great diversity and wide distribution in Iran. It is essential due to having leonurine with blood dilution and muscle relaxation effects. Research method: To evaluate the response of the Iranian Motherwort ecotypes ...
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Purpose: Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca), a medicinal plant of the Lamiaceae family, has a great diversity and wide distribution in Iran. It is essential due to having leonurine with blood dilution and muscle relaxation effects. Research method: To evaluate the response of the Iranian Motherwort ecotypes in drought environments, an experiment was carried out in split plot design based on RCBD with three replications. Three irrigation levels were considered as main plots, including %100, one-third, and two-third of field capacity, and four ecotypes as sub-plots including Kerman, Taleghan, Sarab and Khansar. The experiment was conducted at Horticultural Research Station, the University of Tehran, in Karaj. Findings: The results showed that water stress affected morphological traits significantly. Water stress had a significant increasing effect on the phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of Motherwort ecotypes. The highest and the lowest total phenol content were observed in Taleghan and Kerman ecotypes, 7.34 and 4.21 mg/mg fresh weight, respectively. The amount and the percentage of leonurine were increased by water stress. The highest and the lowest values of leonurine were observed in the ecotypes of Taleghan and Sarab, respectively, in all three levels of irrigation. There were significant correlations between dry weight (-0.43), antioxidant (0.36), proline (-0.35), catalase (0.4), and the percentage of leonurine. Research limitations: There were no limitations to the report. Originality/Value: It was found a significant variation among the ecotypes in response to water stress. The ecotypes of Taleghan and Sarab were the most tolerant and the most susceptible ecotypes to drought stress among the studied ecotypes.
Medicinal Plants
Hamid-Reza Fallahi; Soheyla Abbasi Aval Bohlooli; Zahra Pahlavan; Seyyed-Morteza Hosseini; Seyyed Amir-Hossein Hosseini; Pegah Ghohestani-Bojd
Abstract
Purpose: One of the main challenges of saffron production under controlled environments (CE) is that when flowering ends, there is no specific plan for corm proliferation. It seems that transplanting can provide economic justification for saffron production in CE, by providing the possibility of replacement ...
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Purpose: One of the main challenges of saffron production under controlled environments (CE) is that when flowering ends, there is no specific plan for corm proliferation. It seems that transplanting can provide economic justification for saffron production in CE, by providing the possibility of replacement corms production. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility and effectiveness of transplanting of those corms that previously flowered in controlled condition. Research method: To compare the vegetative growth of saffron between two planting methods including direct planting (DP) and transplanting (TP) an experiment was conducted. In the TP method, corms that were flowered under CE were transplanted to four plots beside the plots of DP. At the end of the growing season, leaf and replacement corms (RC) criteria were measured in both planting methods. Findings: Leaf length and weight in DP were 19.5 and 85.1 % more than TP, respectively. Mean RC weight (4.01 vs. 2.35 g), the weight of main RC (14.22 vs. 9.56 g), and number of buds with flowering potential (1.87 vs. 1.28 No. per corm), in DP was more than TP. The number of RC (524 vs. 612 corms per m2) was higher in TP, while RC yield (2093 vs. 1432 g m2) was more in DP method. The percentage of large RC (> 9g) in DP and TP was 19.8 and 6.5 %, respectively. Also, 68 and 32 % of RC yields were belonged to large corms, in DP and TP methods, respectively. Limitations: This study was one of the first studies on saffron transplanting, and the methodologies should be improved in future studies to gain more favorable results. Originality/Value: It was concluded that transplanting of those corms which were flowered under CE is possible, and at least one-third of the RC yield was at the desired weight.
Medicinal Plants
Ramin Nazarian; Noorahmad Samim; M. Qasem Jami
Abstract
Purpose: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a strategic medicinal and spice plant in the world. This study aimed to determine saffron stigma quality obtained from different regions of Herat province in Afghanistan. Research method: The experiment was contacted at the food technology lab, faculty of agriculture, ...
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Purpose: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a strategic medicinal and spice plant in the world. This study aimed to determine saffron stigma quality obtained from different regions of Herat province in Afghanistan. Research method: The experiment was contacted at the food technology lab, faculty of agriculture, Herat University, in 2018. The experiment was set up on a completely randomize design (CRD) with twenty replications. Saffron stigma samples were collected from different parts of Herat province (Ghoryan, Phashton Zarghon, Gozarah districts, and producer companies), and then transferred to the laboratory for determining the saffron quality parameters such as crocins, picrocrocin and safranal using spectrophotometer. Findings: Results showed that the amounts of picrocrocin and safranal were significantly different between stigmas produced in different regions, but there was no significant difference in terms of crocin. The highest amounts of picrocrocin (104.50ϕ 257nm) and safranal (34.95 θ330nm) were recorded in the stigma samples collected from production companies, while the highest amount of crocin (236.95 ω 440nm) obtained from Pashton Zarghon sample. Evaluation of mentioned qualitative attributes among saffron samples and their comparison with ISO 3632 standard showed that all samples were desirable in terms of crocin (>190 ω 440nm), picrocrocin (>70 ϕ257nm) and safranal (>20 θ 330nm), which were laid in (I) category. Research limitations: There was no limitations to report. Originality/Value: This research is one of the first reports on saffron quality produced in Herat.
Medicinal Plants
Navid Zivyar; Ghodsieh Bagherzade; Maryam Moudi; Maryam Manzari tavakoli
Abstract
Purpose: To prevent chemical toxicity, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles has been proposed as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly reducing agent option by corm extract of Crocus sativus var. Haussknechtii and as well as, evaluate their effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia ...
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Purpose: To prevent chemical toxicity, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles has been proposed as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly reducing agent option by corm extract of Crocus sativus var. Haussknechtii and as well as, evaluate their effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Research method: Silver nanoparticles were produced in the presence of secondary metabolites of this plant. The nanoparticles were then identified using the technique ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM).The antibacterial properties were used against two microorganisms, S. aureus (Gram-positive) and E. coli (Gram-negative), using the agar well propagation method. Findings: The observation of the peak at 450 nm in the UV-Vis spectra for corm synthesized silver nanoparticles reveals the reduction of silver metal ions into silver nanoparticles. The optimum pH and AgNO3 concentrations were 9 and 4 mM, respectively. FESEM images detected the spherical Ag-NPs shape with diverse sizes ranged within 70.70–192.02 nm. Additionally, based on the antibacterial test that has been done for nanoparticles, the mean diameter of the inhibition zone after exposure to S. aureus and E. coli was 22.67±0.58 and 20.00±00 mm, respectively. Limitations: There was no significant limitation to report. Originality/Value: The corm extract of C. haussknechtii is a promising agent for the biosynthesis of almost spherical silver nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles show good Inhibition activity in different concentrations. The AgNPs synthesized by corm extract in high concentrations are found to be high antibacterial activity against two bacterial organisms. This indicates that the increase in nanoparticle diameter is directly related to antimicrobial properties.
Medicinal Plants
Mohmmad Hossein Aminifard; Mohammad Behzad Amiri
Abstract
Purpose: The experiment was conducted to evaluate the optimal amounts of cow manure and fulvic acid and the interaction effects of inputs on the yield of saffron in the second growing season. Research methods: In this research, a factorial experiment based on Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with ...
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Purpose: The experiment was conducted to evaluate the optimal amounts of cow manure and fulvic acid and the interaction effects of inputs on the yield of saffron in the second growing season. Research methods: In this research, a factorial experiment based on Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 growing seasons, in the University of Birjand, Iran. Experimental factors included cow manure in four levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 t.ha-1) and fulvic acid plus some micronutrients in three levels (0, 5, and 10 kg.ha-1). Findings: The results in the second year showed that the effect of cow manure was significant on flower number per m2 and total fresh flower yield and dry stigma yield so that the highest total fresh flower yield (32.081 g.m2) and dry stigma yield (0.325 g.m2) obtained in the treatment of 20 t.ha-1 cow manure and the lowest amount of these traits observed in the control (no-fertilization). The application of 10 kg.ha-1 fulvic acid led to the highest mean flower weight (0.512 g) and stigma yield (0.035 g.plant-1). The results of interaction effects showed that simultaneous application of cow manure and fulvic acid had a significant effect on fresh flower yield and the highest amount of these traits (33.613 g.m2) obtained in the combined application of 20 t.ha-1 cow manure and 10 kg.ha-1 fulvic acid. In general, it seems that separate and simultaneous application of optimal amounts of cow manure and fulvic acid, while improving the reproductive characteristics and yield of saffron, can guarantee the healthy and sustainable production of this valuable medicinal. Research limitations:There was no significant limitation to the research. Originality/Value: This research evaluates the simultaneous application of eco-friendly inputs of cow manure and fulvic acid on reproductive characteristics and yield of saffron which has been less studied.
Medicinal Plants
Shabir Ahmad Ahmed; Amjad M. Husaini
Abstract
Purpose: Given the rising number of novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) cases, the purpose of the present study was to explore saffron bioactive compounds against COVID-19 since saffron is used in fever, bronchitis, cold, respiratory disorders and is recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant ...
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Purpose: Given the rising number of novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) cases, the purpose of the present study was to explore saffron bioactive compounds against COVID-19 since saffron is used in fever, bronchitis, cold, respiratory disorders and is recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Research method: COVID-19 engages the host cell surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD). The idea was to check atomistic interaction of these bioactive molecules with ACE2 for obstructing its interaction with RBD, in order to screen and assess the likelihood of these molecules for drug development. Based on ligands' molecular weight, we chose smaller bioactive molecules (picrocrocin, safranal, lutein) for interaction with cell ACE2 of the host. Findings: Flexible molecular docking followed by atomic level interaction study indicated that lutein and picrocrocin form various interactions with different amino acid residues of ACE2. In depth analysis revealed that these interactions with the majority of the residues of ACE2 could be crucial for RBD binding and, therefore, can disrupt the interaction between RBD and ACE2. The study provides a hit for further analysis using in vitro, animal models and clinical studies. Limitations: In this study dynamic approaches such as molecular dynamics and semiemperical quantum mechanical (SQM) methods have not been used. Originality/Value: By preventing the interaction of RBD with ACE2, lutein and picrocrocin may prove helpful in the development of therapeutics for COVID-19 management.
Medicinal Plants
F. A. Nehvi; Salwee Yasmin
Abstract
Purpose: Purpose of this paper is to highlight policy initiatives of Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Govt of India and research support of SKUAST-Kashmir India, that has not only given stability to the saffron area, production and productivity but has also opened new options for promoting ...
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Purpose: Purpose of this paper is to highlight policy initiatives of Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Govt of India and research support of SKUAST-Kashmir India, that has not only given stability to the saffron area, production and productivity but has also opened new options for promoting saffron cultivation in new areas that is expected to increase saffron production to 104000 kg. Findings: Standardized descriptors of Kashmir saffron has facilitated seeking of Geographical Indication Tag to Kashmir Saffron and is a step forward towards promotion of authenticated quality brand “Kashmir Saffron”. Good Agricultural Practices for enhancing productivity and quality through integrated value chain involving plantation of graded corms weighing above 8 g with integration of micro and macro nutrients, composts, farm yard manures, initial corm dressing with fungicides followed by hygienic post-harvest handling have been standardized ensuring yield and quality gains. Ethymethyl Sulphonate and Colchicine have been identified as potent mutagens for creation of genetic variability. In vitro micropropagation involving different growth regulators, growth retardants and sucrose as energy source have been standardized. Limitations: Decline in saffron area over the years due to urbanization of saffron heritage site and diversification to other commercial activities is a major concern for growth of saffron Industry. Directions for future research: Climate change over the years have become a serious threat for the saffron industry therefore future research needs to be focused on to mitigate the ill effects and to ensure the adaptabilities studies of all the developed modules under changed environment so as to ensure sustainability and profitable of saffron farming system. Research priorities needs to be focused on quality promotion and marketing under one roof processing, quality testing and e-trading.
Medicinal Plants
Hassan Maleki Lajayer; Reza Norouzi; Ali Shahi-Gharahlar
Abstract
Purpose: The Apiaceae family (Umbelliferae) is one of the largest families of flowering plants. The genus Anthriscus of this family is considered of high importance because of its use in folk medicines and flavoring throughout the world. Three species of this genus are represented in the Flora of Iran. ...
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Purpose: The Apiaceae family (Umbelliferae) is one of the largest families of flowering plants. The genus Anthriscus of this family is considered of high importance because of its use in folk medicines and flavoring throughout the world. Three species of this genus are represented in the Flora of Iran. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the essential oil composition, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Anthriscus cerefolium and Anthriscus sylvestris. Research Method: The essential oil samples were isolated by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed using GC and GC–MS methods. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were determined by DPPH scavenging assay and Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. Findings: Oxygenated monoterpenes constituted the principal fraction of essential oils obtained from A. cerefolium (rich in estragole), while aliphatic esters were detected to be the main class of compounds isolated from A. sylvestris (rich in chrysanthenyl acetate). Among the essential oils and methanolic extracts from two Anthriscus species at vegetative stage the highest antioxidant activity was observed for essential oil of A. sylvestris (IC50=71.3 μg.ml-1) followed by essential oil of A. cerefolium (IC50=115 μg.ml-1). In addition, the amounts of total phenolic contents of A. cerefolium and A. sylvestris methanolic extracts at full flowering stage (76.7 and 74.6 mg GAE.L-1) were determined. Other important group of compounds and their biological properties needs to be studied in Anthriscus species due to their potential pharmacological and food industry value. Research limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: Since the essential oil of A. sylvestris at vegetative stage demonstrated the noticeable antioxidant ability which makes it well qualified to be used as natural ingredients to synthetic antioxidants in food industry.
Medicinal Plants
Azim Ghasemnezhad; Madeh Ahmadi; Arezu Frouzy
Abstract
Purpose: Due the importance of taxol and based on the confirmed role of certain endophytes of Yew tree in the production of this vital compound, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of isolated endophytic fungi on vegetative and qualitative characteristics of stevia plant. Research ...
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Purpose: Due the importance of taxol and based on the confirmed role of certain endophytes of Yew tree in the production of this vital compound, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of isolated endophytic fungi on vegetative and qualitative characteristics of stevia plant. Research method: The experiment included five different endophytic fungi isolated from Yew tree. In order to do that, rooted cuttings of stevia were transferred to the pot after being inoculated with different isolated endophytic fungi (TB2, TB2-3, TB20, TB55) of Yew tree in four replications as a completely randomized design and were kept in outdoor conditions. To isolate endophytic fungi, root samples were collected from the yew trees in the Ziyarat forest located in Golestan province, Iran. Main findings: The results of the study revealed the positive effect of Yew tree endophytes as biotic agents on the growth and physiological parameters of stevia. Also, the fungal pathogenicity effect on stevia was not observed. In addition, the main stem diameter, internode spacing, leaf area and other measured parameters were affected by studied endophytes. Among of the five used isolates fungi, three were classified as stevia plant grows stimulator. Also, due to the highest total sugar and antioxidant activity of stevia, rest two isolates were classified as “bio-elicitor”. Limitations: There was no limitation to report. Originality/Value: The findings of the present study suggest that stevia, as a medicinal and economical herb, is capable of coexistence with yew endophytes. If taxol producer endophytes successfully transfer to stevia, it is possible to study the production of taxol in herbaceous plants, thereby opening the new door to easier and cheaper access to Taxol.
Medicinal Plants
Mahboobeh Naseri; Shiva Golmohamadzadeh; Hossein Arouiee; Mahmoud Reza Jaafari; Seyyed Hossein Nemati
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to formulate a new delivery system by the incorporation of Zataria multiflora. essential oil into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Research Method: SLN formulations were prepared following the high-pressure homogenization after starring and ultra-trax homogneization ...
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to formulate a new delivery system by the incorporation of Zataria multiflora. essential oil into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Research Method: SLN formulations were prepared following the high-pressure homogenization after starring and ultra-trax homogneization techniques. In this experiment, three SLNs formulations were prepared using three types of lipids. Lipids included glycerol monostearate lipid, precirol and stearic acid lipid. The SLNs were characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetery (DSC), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and particle size analysis. Findings: The results showed that particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential of the above formulations were about 255, 220, 486 nm, 0.369, 0.251, 0.296,-37.8, -17.6 -27.2 mV respectively. The results obtained from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that in all 3 formulations, particle size less than 200 nm were spherical. Thermal analysis by DSC, confirmed the presence of solid particles in the prepared SLNs. Also, the essential oil encapsulation percentage of Formulations 1, 2 and 3 were 85.3, 91.3 and 95.2% respectively. Stability studies of particle size and zeta in four months revealed that SLNs containing essential oils had relatively good stability. Research limitations: Limitations of SLNs are: Lipid particle growth, Unpredictable gelation tendency. Originality/Value: Due to the chemical structures of essential oils, EOs can be easily degraded after exposure to humidity, heat, oxygen, light, owing to chemical and enzymatic reactions. To overcome the drawbacks of EOs, several researchers have suggested the encapsulation of these active ingredients into nanocarriers. The results of the present research revealed that SLNs composed of glycerin monostearate lipids, precirol and stearic acid, were good carriers for Z. multiflora essential oil.
